Abstract: A circuit arrangement allows data, which are necessary for building up fault-tolerant structures, to be transmitted on standard ring-shaped bus systems. Its implementation requires a monitoring unit and input and output units which transmit or receive data for control. The circuit arrangement handles the task of detecting any faults which can become a danger for the process within a machine or plant. Due to its internal configuration, the circuit arrangement identifies any fault even before the detection of the fault and initiates a protected switch-off. In this arrangement, it is of no importance whether it is the external control unit or the bus system used which is responsible for the fault.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement allows data, which are necessary for building up fault-tolerant structures, to be transmitted on standard ring-shaped bus systems. Its implementation requires a monitoring unit and input and output units which transmit or receive data for control. The circuit arrangement handles the task of detecting any faults which can become a danger for the process within a machine or plant. Due to its internal configuration, the circuit arrangement identifies any fault even before the detection of the fault and initiates a protected switch-off. In this arrangement, it is of no importance whether it is the external control unit or the bus system used which is responsible for the fault.

Abstract: The present circuit arrangement allows data, which are necessary for building up fault-tolerant structures, to be transmitted on standard ring-shaped bus systems. Its implementation requires a monitoring unit and input and output units which transmit or receive data for control. The circuit arrangement handles the task of detecting any faults which can become a danger for the process within a machine or plant. Due to its internal configuration, the circuit arrangement identifies any fault even before the detection of the fault and initiates a protected switch-off. In this arrangement, it is of no importance whether it is the external control unit or the bus system used which is responsible for the fault.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the coding and the availability of a chip card, which is provided as memory storage in a programmable control system. During the initial operation of a chip card with a control system a coding process is performed. The coding process specifies the chip card to the control system and encodes the chip card. The chip card can only be copied after the coding process. However, the copy can only be used in the control system on which the original or master chip card was coded. In the event of a defect in the system hardware, a chip card may be used in a second control system so that the total system installation remains available. The second control system remains functionally operable with a chip card for a time-limited period if the code of the chip card does not coincide with the code of the control system.

Abstract: A processing module is disclosed for capturing of analog input values, in particular for microprocessing systems and storage-programmable control systems. The control unit (40) comprises a program storage (41) and a read-write storage (42). The program storage is provided with its own storage region (1'-8') for each measurement input (1-8). The analog measurement region, coordinated to each measurement input, is programmed in the program storage and the kind of the analog measurement value is programmed in the program storage. The storage region (1'-8') is programmed by the user before the measurement event, whereby the semiconductor switches (11-28) can be correspondingly activated for each measurement. In case of a change of the kind of the analog measurement value, or in case of a change of the analog measurement region, only the storage contents (1'-8') of the program storage (41) are to be changed according to the new measurement values.