Abstract: The invention concerns sensors (1) for detection of gas, in particular sensors for detection of transcutaneous gas such as CO2, and methods for manufacturing a sensor (1). The sensor (1) comprises at least one radiation source (3) for emitting radiation, at least one detector (4) for detection of radiation emitted by the radiation source (3), and at least one measurement chamber (6) for receiving the sample gas. The radiation source (3), the detector (4), and the measurement chamber (6) are arranged such that at least a part of the radiation propagates along a path passing through the measurement chamber (6). The sensor (1) further comprises a casing (7), wherein the radiation source (3), the detector (4), the measurement chamber (6) are arranged. The sensor (1) has a contact face (8) which is directable towards a measuring site and the sensor (1) has at least one gas-access channel (9) enabling gas to migrate from the contact face (8) into the measurement chamber (6).

Abstract: A sensor (1) for detection of gas, in particular for detection of CO2. The sensor (1) has a contact face (2) which is directed towards a measuring site. The sensor (1) includes at least one radiation source (3), a measurement volume (4) for receiving the gas to be measured, and at least a first detector (5) for detection of radiation transmitted from the source (3) to the first detector (5) through the measurement volume (4). The sensor has a path (6) of the radiation between radiation source (3) and first detector (5). The radiation propagates along the path in a non-imaging way.

Abstract: A method for identifying faulty components of a fuel injection system is disclosed, wherein a secondary injection is performed individually by each injector during a test routine, after the secondary injection several predefined parameters of the fuel injection system are determined, and a combined assessment of the determined parameters is used to draw conclusions about whether or not components of the fuel injection system are faulty.

Abstract: A method for determining the opening energy of a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine includes (a) operating the engine in a steady-state operating state, wherein electrical excitation is applied to the fuel injector to cause a fuel injection in each working cycle of the engine, (b) applying additional electrical excitation to the fuel injector for subsequent working cycle(s) for a possible additional partial fuel injection, wherein the additional electrical excitation is initially insufficient to cause an additional partial fuel injection, (c) successively increasing the additional electrical excitation until an additional partial fuel injection occurs, which brings about a second operating state of the engine different from the steady-state operating state, (d) detection of the second operating state, and (e) determination of the opening energy for the fuel injector based on the energy of the additional electrical excitation needed to bring about the second operating state of the engine.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal strip in a cast-rolling installation, the cast-rolling installation includes the following: a casting machine, a first furnace, a first shear, a roughing train, a second furnace, a second shear, a finishing train, a cooling section, a reeling system, and a third shear. In order to allow a flexible reaction to different operating conditions, at least one of the following operating modes is selected in order to produce the strip: a) a continuous rolling, in which the casting machine, the roughing train, and the finishing train are operatively connected together; b) a continuous rolling in the roughing train and a single-strip rolling in the finishing train; c) a single-strip rolling in the roughing train and a single-strip rolling in the finishing train; and d) a semi-continuous rolling in the roughing train and/or a semi-continuous rolling in the finishing train.

Abstract: A sensor (1) for detection of gas, in particular for detection of CO2. The sensor (1) has a contact face (2) which is directed towards a measuring site. The sensor (1) includes at least one radiation source (3), a measurement volume (4) for receiving the gas to be measured, and at least a first detector (5) for detection of radiation transmitted from the source (3) to the first detector (5) through the measurement volume (4). The sensor has a path (6) of the radiation between radiation source (3) and first detector (5). The radiation propagates along the path in a non-imaging way.

Abstract: A sensor (1) for detection of gas, in particular for detection of CO2. The sensor (1) has a contact face (2) which can be directed towards a measuring site. The sensor (1) includes at least one radiation source (3), a measurement volume (4) for receiving the gas to be measured, and at least a first detector (5) for detection of radiation transmitted from the source (3) to the first detector (5) through the measurement volume (4). The sensor has a path (6) of the radiation between radiation source (3) and first detector (5). The radiation propagates along the path in a non-imaging way.

Abstract: A wheel disc for a disc wheel, especially for utility vehicles; with an essentially radially extending hub fitting flange and an essentially cylindrical disc edge which can be joined to a wheel rim, and with a transition region extending between the hub fitting flange and the disc edge, wherein the transition region is subdivided into at least five segments (AI to V) passing into each other or into the hub fitting flange or the disc edge, each of which has an outer end situated closer to the hub fitting flange and an inner end situated closer to the disc edge, wherein neighboring segments have curvatures with different directions and variable material thickness, with the ratios of the material thicknesses and the ratio of their lengths to heights are chosen as follows: Ratio of Material Ratio of Length in thickness at axial inner end (di) to direction (La) to Material thickness at Height in radial outer end (da) direction (Hr) First segment AI 0.45-0.7? 0.9-1.

Abstract: A device for applying a sensor to a measurement site on a patient's skin has a wall arrangement defining an applicator volume above the patient's skin. The wall arrangement has a patient's side and a sensor side. At least one gas-permeable membrane separates the applicator volume into a first volume directed to the measuring site at the patient's side of the wall arrangement and a second volume separated from the patient's skin and directed to the sensor side of the wall arrangement.

Abstract: A piezo-driven fuel injector is modeled by measuring the actuation current and the actuation voltage of the piezo injector, transforming the actuation current and the actuation voltage into the frequency domain, forming a complex conductance from the actuation current transformed into the frequency domain and the actuation voltage transformed into the frequency domain, and determining one or more parameters of the piezo injector from the complex conductance. Once the complex conductance is determined it is used to detect a fault in the piezo injector.

Abstract: A method for identifying faulty components of a fuel injection system is disclosed, wherein a secondary injection is performed individually by each injector during a test routine, after the secondary injection several predefined parameters of the fuel injection system are determined, and a combined assessment of the determined parameters is used to draw conclusions about whether or not components of the fuel injection system are faulty.

Abstract: An injection system for an injection system includes at least one injection valve for injecting fuel into an internal combustion engine. A closing element of the injection valve is moved in recurring injection cycles such that the closing element hits an upper stop at an actual opening time and/or hits a closing position at an actual closing time and thereby triggers a characteristic signal of a sensor element of the injection valve, wherein a signal course of the sensor element over time is detected and a part of the signal course contained in a searching time period of the injection system is examined, wherein a searching method is performed in subsequent injection cycles if the characteristic signal is not detected in said part of the signal course over time.

Abstract: An injection valve has a moveable nozzle needle that controls a dosing of fluid and a solid-state actuator that actuates the nozzle needle. To operate the injection valve, values of a characteristic for a load state of the actuator are detected at a predetermined sampling rate. A start reference time and end reference time are determined correlating in chronological terms to an operating phase in which the solid-state actuator is discharged to a predetermined reference state by absorbing the energy in a discharging resistor. A correction reference value is determined based on a detected value of the characteristic correlating to an end of the operating phase, and a predetermined reference value. A correction value pattern is determined based on the end reference time, the start reference time, and the correction reference value. The detected values of the characteristic for the load state are determined based on the correction value pattern.

Abstract: A wheel disc for a disc wheel, especially for utility vehicles; with an essentially radially extending hub fitting flange and an essentially cylindrical disc edge which can be joined to a wheel rim, and with a transition region extending between the hub fitting flange and the disc edge, wherein the transition region is subdivided into at least five segments (Ai to v) passing into each other or into the hub fitting flange or the disc edge, each of which has an outer end situated closer to the hub fitting flange and an inner end situated closer to the disc edge, wherein neighbouring segments have curvatures with different directions and variable material thickness, with the ratios of the material thicknesses and the ratio of their lengths to heights are chosen as follows: Material thickness of Length in axial inner end direction Material thickness of Height in radial outer end direction Segment AI 0.45-0.7? 0.9-1.

Abstract: A control method for a fuel injection valve for an internal combustion engine is disclosed, wherein at least one control signal for actuating a drive of the injection valve is generated in recurring injection cycles and as a function of a target stroke height of a closing element of the injection valve, wherein the drive is actuated by the control signal to lift the closing element to the target stroke height and the closing element is lifted to an actual stroke height by means of the drive, wherein at least one measured parameter correlated with the actual stroke height is captured and the actual stroke height is determined as a function of said at least one measured parameter, wherein the control signal is generated in at least one of the subsequent injection cycles as a function of a deviation of the actual stroke height from the target stroke height.

Abstract: A method for determining a position of a lock element of an injection valve for an internal combustion engine includes moving the lock element in the direction of a locked position in a closing movement in order to lock the injection valve, subsequently measuring a closure time at which the lock element arrives in the locked position, determining a time difference between the closure time and a preceding starting time of the closing movement, and determining, based on the time difference, a position which the lock element has assumed at the starting time of the closing movement.

Abstract: A sensor (1) for detection of gas, in particular for detection of CO2. The sensor (1) has a contact face (2) which can be directed towards a measuring site. The sensor (1) includes at least one radiation source (3), a measurement volume (4) for receiving the gas to be measured, and at least a first detector (5) for detection of radiation transmitted from the source (3) to the first detector (5) through the measurement volume (4). The sensor has a path (6) of the radiation between radiation source (3) and first detector (5). The radiation propagates along the path in a non-imaging way.

Abstract: An injection system for an injection system includes at least one injection valve for injecting fuel into an internal combustion engine. A closing element of the injection valve is moved in recurring injection cycles such that the closing element hits an upper stop at an actual opening time and/or hits a closing position at an actual closing time and thereby triggers a characteristic signal of a sensor element of the injection valve, wherein a signal course of the sensor element over time is detected and a part of the signal course contained in a searching time period of the injection system is examined, wherein a searching method is performed in subsequent injection cycles if the characteristic signal is not detected in said part of the signal course over time.

Abstract: A method for determining the opening energy of a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine includes (a) operating the engine in a steady-state operating state, wherein electrical excitation is applied to the fuel injector to cause a fuel injection in each working cycle of the engine, (b) applying additional electrical excitation to the fuel injector for subsequent working cycle(s) for a possible additional partial fuel injection, wherein the additional electrical excitation is initially insufficient to cause an additional partial fuel injection, (c) successively increasing the additional electrical excitation until an additional partial fuel injection occurs, which brings about a second operating state of the engine different from the steady-state operating state, (d) detection of the second operating state, and (e) determination of the opening energy for the fuel injector based on the energy of the additional electrical excitation needed to bring about the second operating state of the engine.

Abstract: An injection valve has a moveable nozzle needle that controls a dosing of fluid and a solid-state actuator that actuates the nozzle needle. To operate the injection valve, values of a characteristic for a load state of the actuator are detected at a predetermined sampling rate. A start reference time and end reference time are determined correlating in chronological terms to an operating phase in which the solid-state actuator is discharged to a predetermined reference state by absorbing the energy in a discharging resistor. A correction reference value is determined based on a detected value of the characteristic correlating to an end of the operating phase, and a predetermined reference value. A correction value pattern is determined based on the end reference time, the start reference time, and the correction reference value. The detected values of the characteristic for the load state are determined based on the correction value pattern.