Abstract: A security element, e g. for an ID card (7) or passport, banknote, ticket, etc, comprises a plurality of superposed layers (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) and a security image or object (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) comprising a plurality of discrete security components, each said discrete security component constituting or providing a portion of the complete security image or object, which portion is less than the hole of the security image or object, wherein each said discrete security component is provided or formed on or within a respective one of the said plurality of superposed layers of the element (7). The layers can be laminated together. The components can be: a security rainbow hologram/DOVID (1); a tactile security feature (2); a 3D holographic optical element (3); an IR visible printing (4); an UV visible printing (5); a colour switch printing (6).

Abstract: A final layer of a multi-layer of thin deposit and lacquer layers of a decorative faceted functional stone formed by 10 to 35% of nano/colloidal silica, optionally nano/colloidal alumina, 30 to 50% of encapsulated aluminium flakes in grain size of 15-80 ?m, 2 to 10% of Fe3O4 in grain size of 3-50 ?m, and 10 to 40% of polyisocyanate-hardened mixture of epoxy and polyether resin, and a method for increasing the opacity and hardness of a multi-layer of thin deposit and lacquer layers of a decorative faceted functional stone by applying this final layer.