Abstract: An indirect band gap light emitting device comprises a first body of non-monocrystalline indirect band gap semiconductor material. In this first body, two regions are formed: a first region with a first doping kind and a first doping concentration and a second region with a second doping kind and a second doping concentration. A junction is formed between the first region and the second region with a terminal arrangement connected to the first body and arranged to reverse bias the junction so as to emit light. The first body is formed from a deposited layer of semiconductor to form an integral part of a substrate. An integrated circuit can include the light emitting device and a second body of monocrystalline indirect band gap semiconductor material. A third body may separate and galvanically isolate the first and second bodies from each other.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) having an on-chip electroluminescent silicon light source arrangement is disclosed. In the IC, the light source arrangement is a two-dimensional display arrangement and the IC includes an on-chip modulator operable to modulate data indicative of a state of the IC which can be displayed by the display arrangement, thereby providing an optical representation of the state of the IC.

Abstract: A programmable integrated circuit (IC) comprising a single body of semiconductor is disclosed. The IC comprises at least one optical transducer as an integral part of the programmable integrated circuit on the same body of semiconductor, the optical transducer being operable to receive an optical input indicative of programming instructions and at least one storage element communicatively coupled to the optical transducer and being operable to store thereon the programming instructions or an adaptation thereof. The programming instructions received via the optical input are configured to direct the operation of the IC.

Abstract: A programmable integrated circuit (IC) comprising a single body of semiconductor is disclosed. The IC comprises at least one optical transducer as an integral part of the programmable integrated circuit on the same body of semiconductor, the optical transducer being operable to receive an optical input indicative of programming instructions and at least one storage element communicatively coupled to the optical transducer and being operable to store thereon the programming instructions or an adaptation thereof. The programming instructions received via the optical input are configured to direct the operation of the IC.

Abstract: A light emitting device (10) comprises a body (11) comprising a substrate (12) of a p-type semiconductor material. The substrate has an upper surface (14) and having formed therein on one side of the upper surface and according to a bulk semi-conductor fabrication process utilizing lateral active area isolation techniques: a first n+-type island (16) to form a first junction (24) between the first island and the substrate; and a second n+-type island (18) spaced laterally from the first island (16). The substrate provides a laterally extending link (20) between the islands having an upper surface. The upper surface of the link, an upper surface of the island (16) and an upper surface of the island (18) collectively form a planar interface (21) between the body (11) and an isolation layer (19) of the device. The device comprises a terminal arrangement to apply a reverse bias to the first junction, to cause the device to emit light. The device is configured to facilitate the transmission of the emitted light.

Abstract: A light emitting device (10) comprises a body (11) comprising a substrate (12) of a p-type semiconductor material. The substrate has an upper surface (14) and having formed therein on one side of the upper surface and according to a bulk semi-conductor fabrication process utilizing lateral active area isolation techniques: a first n+-type island (16) to form a first junction (24) between the first island and the substrate; and a second n+-type island (18) spaced laterally from the first island (16). The substrate provides a laterally extending link (20) between the islands having an upper surface. The upper surface of the link, an upper surface of the island (16) and an upper surface of the island (18) collectively form a planar interface (21) between the body (11) and an isolation layer (19) of the device. The device comprises a terminal arrangement to apply a reverse bias to the first junction, to cause the device to emit light. The device is configured to facilitate the transmission of the emitted light.

Abstract: Low dosage naphthenate inhibitors, such as a surfactant or hydrotrope, delivered into production fluids for contact with mixtures of oil and water, such as in a hydrocarbon producing formation, production equipment, or processing systems. Inhibitor compounds such as monophosphate esters and diphosphate esters exhibit surface-active properties that cause the inhibitors to self-associate at oil-water interfaces and inhibit interactions between organic acids in the oil with cations or cation complexes in the water. These compounds also inhibit aggregation of organic acid carboxylate salts that form when pH and pressure conditions are amenable to organic acid ionization. Preferred inhibitors do not form emulsions due to the formation of unstable mixed interface structures that result in coalescence of dispersed droplets.

Abstract: A method includes diluting a bitumen source, such a bitumen froth from a hot water extraction process, with a hydrocarbon diluent such as naphtha, contacting the bitumen with a zone settling aid such as a polyoxyalkylate block polymer, flocculating water and fine solids in the diluted bitumen, separating the flocculated water and fine solids from the solvent-diluted bitumen, and producing dry, clean diluted bitumen. Preferably, the diluted bitumen will have less than 1.0 wt % water, but most preferably less than 0.7 wt % water. The method may further comprise maintaining the diluted bitumen under conditions that avoid the precipitation of asphaltenes from the bitumen, preferably such that the dry, clean diluted bitumen comprises essentially all, such as greater than 96%, of the asphaltene content from the bitumen source. Counter-current flow may be performed in a series of zone settling stages, such as with gravity settling.

Abstract: A method of reducing hydrolysis in a hydrocarbon stream comprising adding to a hydrocarbon stream containing a chloride compound which undergoes hydrolysis at elevated temperatures in the presence of water to form hydrochloric acid, an effective amount of a treating agent that is at least one overbased complex of a metal salt and an organic acid complexing agent, the treating agent being added to hydrocarbon stream when the stream is at a temperature below which any substantial hydrolysis of the chloride containing compound occurs.

Abstract: A process for fluorinating a hydrocarbon substrate is by mixing it with an inert diluent and mixing the diluted substrate with a gaseous fluorinating reagent to form a foam reaction mixture. The fluorinating reagent reacts with the substrate in the form to foam product. The foam is separated into a liquid component which contains product and a gas component. Product is withdrawn from the liquid component which is then returned to the diluting step. Fluorinating reagent is fed into the gas component which is then recirculated to the mixing step. An installation for fluorinating a hydrocarbon substrate includes, in sequence as a circuit, a dilution stage, a mixing stage, a reaction stage and a separation stage. Liquid returning means feeds liquid from the separation stage to the dilution stage, and gas recirculation means feeds gas from the separation stage to the mixing stage.

Abstract: A process for fluorinating a hydrocarbon substrate is by mixing it with an inert diluent and mixing the diluted substrate with a gaseous fluorinating reagent to form a foam reaction mixture. The fluorinating reagent reacts with the substrate in the form to foam product. The foam is separated into a liquid component which contains product and a gas component. Product is withdrawn from the liquid component which is then returned to the diluting step. Fluorinating reagent is fed into the gas component which is then recirculated to the mixing step. An installation for fluorinating a hydrocarbon substrate includes, in sequence as a circuit, a dilution stage, a mixing stage, a reaction stage and a separation stage. Liquid returning means feeds liquid from the separation stage to the dilution stage, and gas recirculation means feeds gas from the separation stage to the mixing stage.

Abstract: A process for fluorinating a hydrocarbon substrate by mixing it with an inert diluent and mixing the diluted substrate with a gaseous fluorinating reagent to form a foam reaction mixture. The fluorinating reagent reacts with the substrate in the form to foam product. The foam is separated into a liquid component which contains product and a gas component. Product is withdrawn from the liquid component which is then returned to the diluting step. Fluorinating reagent is fed into the gas component which is then recirculated to the mixing step.