Abstract: An improved electrochemical method for disassociating a biological binding partner from a corresponding second biological binding partner associated with a waveguide surface, the electrochemical method involving the application of an electrical potential to said waveguide surface (118), the improvement comprising: applying the electrical potential to the waveguide surface (118) as a square wave polarization function. Preferably, the waveguide surface is comprised of indium tin oxide. The biological binding partners are selected from the group consisting of antigen-antibody, avidin-biotin, enzyme-substrate, cell receptor-substrate/analog, antibody/anti-antibody, DNA, RNA, and fragments thereof. The antigen may be comprised of an epitope. The epitope is produced by a solid phase peptide synthesis performed on said waveguide surface (118).

Abstract: A system for stabilizing the arc in a DC arc lamp. An AC signal is superimposed on the DC power source of the lamp to cause small regular fluctuations in the arc. The small fluctuations prevent large fluctuations while the small regular fluctuations may be averaged to obtain a constant average value. The average is taken over 5 to 10 periods of the AC signal to produce a constant average signal with a very small standard deviation.