Abstract: A computerized method for monitoring cardiac output of a subject by a processor executing the method, the method comprising the steps of: determining first values of cardiac output of the subject for a first period of time using respective different cardiac output measurement methods having respective first measurement errors; and combining the determined first values of cardiac output to determine a second value of cardiac output of the subject for the first period of time, such that the second value of cardiac output has a second measurement error that is less than any of the first measurement errors; and at least one of storing, outputting, and displaying data representing the determined second value of cardiac output of the subject.

Abstract: A computerized method for monitoring cardiac output of a subject by a processor executing the method, the method comprising the steps of: determining first values of cardiac output of the subject for a first period of time using respective different cardiac output measurement methods having respective first measurement errors; and combining the determined first values of cardiac output to determine a second value of cardiac output of the subject for the first period of time, such that the second value of cardiac output has a second measurement error that is less than any of the first measurement errors; and at least one of storing, outputting, and displaying data representing the determined second value of cardiac output of the subject.

Abstract: A method for monitoring cardiac output (pulmonary blood flow) of a subject, the method including: measuring a first net pulmonary uptake or elimination of a breathed gas species by the subject and a first partial pressure of the gas species at a first time, and at a second time later than the first time, determining a first pulmonary blood flow of the patient at the first time, and determining a pulmonary blood flow of the subject at the second time on the basis of the first pulmonary blood flow, the first net pulmonary uptake or elimination, the second net pulmonary uptake or elimination, the first partial pressure, and the second partial pressure.

Abstract: A method for monitoring cardiac output (pulmonary blood flow) of a subject, the method including: measuring a first net pulmonary uptake or elimination of a breathed gas species by the subject and a first partial pressure of the gas species at a first time, and at a second time later than the first time, determining a first pulmonary blood flow of the patient at the first time, and determining a pulmonary blood flow of the subject at the second time on the basis of the first pulmonary blood flow, the first net pulmonary uptake or elimination, the second net pulmonary uptake or elimination, the first partial pressure, and the second partial pressure.