Abstract: A protection circuit configured for use with a power converter is provided and comprises a metal oxide varistor-semiconductor protection thyristor (MOV-TSPD) circuit comprising a first MOV and a second MOV connected in series with one another and in parallel with a TSPD connected between a first leg of switches and a second leg of switches coupled in parallel to one another, wherein the MOV-TSPD circuit is configured to clamp the first leg of switches and the second leg of switches to a predetermined voltage during operation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a full inductor core configured for use with a power converter of an energy management system. For example, the full inductor core comprises a first planar inductor comprising a first inner core and a first outer core and a second planar inductor disposed on top of the first planar inductor and comprising a second inner core and a second outer core. The first inner core and first outer core and the second inner core and second outer core each have a sawtooth configuration that allows the full inductor core to be tuned during assembly of the full inductor core.

Abstract: A method of charging one or more cells including: obtaining one or more cell parameters, or changes in said cell parameters; determining a charge parameter in accordance with the measured cell parameter(s); and supplying energy to the cell(s) in accordance with the determined charge parameter.