Abstract: A method and apparatus for directly measuring steam quality in-line. A variable frequency capacitance cell receives a hybrid stream (one having both liquid and vapor phases). The resultant frequency of the electrical circuit of which the capacitance cell is an element, varies with the dielectric constant of the capacitance cell (i.e., the water vapor concentration in the cell). The resultant frequency of the cell is preferably beat with a reference frequency that is within about 15 MHz from the resultant frequency to facilitate measurement.

Abstract: A method of forming discrete magnetic particles in situ by dispersing a nickel hypophosphite solution in a binder and binder solvent, such as polyvinyl alcohol in water or polyester urethane polymer in an organic solvent, forming a coating from the nickel hypophosphite binder solution on a substrate, and exposing the coating to a radiant energy source, such as x-rays or an electron beam. Thereafter the incipient magnetic media in the area exposed to radiation is developed by contact with a solution including ions of at least one of cobalt, nickel and iron and a reducing agent, such as a hypophosphite ion, to produce a magnetic media of discrete magnetic particles within the binder in the area exposed to the radiant energy while not forming such magnetic particles in other unexposed areas of the nickel hypophosphite coating.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for metering water content in an oil-water system by determining sonic velocities in the flowing oil-water mixture, and thereafter determining flow rate to provide individual oil and water rates which may then be integrated to provide oil and water volume of flow, the improvement comprising self-calibrating for salt content of the system water by measuring the speed of sound in the water phase only and utilizing the measured value in determinations of the system water cut.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for metering water content in an oil-water system by measuring sonic velocity in a flowing oil-water mixture, thereafter to determine flow rate to provide individual oil and water rates which may then be integrated to provide oil and water volume of flow. The apparatus functions to provide continual readout of oil and water data by deriving bi-directional speed of sound through the moving medium with subsequent frequency difference processing to derive sonic velocity, flow rate measurement and subsequent integral data output.