Abstract: Providing differing degrees of reliability or security for distinct devices within a reliable distributed system. Allowing virtual machines to operate in a reliable distributed system without either exposing the actual available devices to guest operating systems, or requiring the guest OS to maintain, or to maintain information about, reliability or security. Methods are responsive to a hierarchy of possible reliability or security failures, to guard more carefully against simultaneous failures of reliability or breaches of security, without additional work or delay. Functions invoked by the user that relate to reliability and security are hidden, so the user can specify a degree of reliability or security without having to implement those requirements themselves. Providing a uniform set of resources available to all users, separating out those individual resources that are allocated to particular users, and emulating particular devices at the request of those particular users.

Abstract: Accessories for improving aerodynamic characteristics of wheels with an outer rim configured to operatively couple with a tire; an inner rim configured to be located radially inward of the outer rim at a radial distance away from a wheel hub; an adaptable circumferential membrane, configured to operatively couple to both the inner rim and the outer rim, being structurally configured to adapt to an external force and change shape when subject to the external forces; and an attachment assembly configured to operatively couple the adaptable circumferential membrane to the outer rim and the inner rim as an overlay to wheel structural elements coupling the hub to the tire. The adaptable circumferential membrane with at least one air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface configured to deform under the external force and to return to a neutral position when the external force is no longer present.

Abstract: Described herein are aerodynamic wheels. According to some embodiments there is provided a wheel for a vehicle comprising: a rim; an inner hub; an attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub; a first air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface overlaying the attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub and operatively connected to the inner hub and the rim, forming a first axial surface of the wheel; and a second air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface overlaying the attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub and operatively connected to the inner hub and the rim, forming a second axial surface of the wheel, which is axially opposed to the said first surface of the wheel; wherein said first air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface and second air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface are adaptable to external forces and change shape, when subject to such external forces.

Abstract: Described herein are frame elements for bicycles, and bicycles comprising such frame elements, which are moveable and/or morphable. The frame elements may be moveable and/or morphable in response to an external force, such as an aerodynamic wind load, or a control mechanism operatively connected thereto. Examples of the moveable and/or morphable frame elements include a front fork or one or more sections of the front fork, a seat tube or one or more sections of the seat tube, a cockpit or one or more sections of the cockpit, handlebars or one or more sections of the handlebars, a seat tube or one or more sections of the seat tube, a seat post or one or more sections of the seat post, a top tube or one or more sections of the top tube, and a head tube or one or more sections of the head tube.

Abstract: Present application relates to a strategy for compensating for transesterification degradation of lipid-encapsulated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, in liquid formulations for high-volume distribution. This involves determining the rate of degradation of the encapsulated RNA and calculating an appropriate overage relative to the intended dose. Alternatively, a higher dose of the RNA may be administered to compensate for loss of effective RNA or the RNA may be formulated in higher purity in anticipation of degradation. The strategy provides a balance between supplying effective and safe products and the need for costly manufacturing processes or transportation hurdles, such as cold-chain supply.

Abstract: Present application relates to a strategy for compensating for transesterification degradation of lipid-encapsulated RNA, such as mRNA-LNP, in liquid formulations for high-volume distribution. This involves determining the rate of degradation of the encapsulated RNA and calculating an appropriate overage relative to the intended dose. Alternatively, a higher dose of the RNA may be administered to compensate for loss of effective RNA or the RNA may be formulated in higher purity in anticipation of degradation. The strategy provides a balance between supplying effective and safe products and the need for costly manufacturing processes or transportation hurdles, such as cold-chain supply.

Abstract: Described herein are aerodynamic wheels. According to some embodiments there is provided a wheel for a vehicle comprising: a rim; an inner hub; an attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub; a first air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface overlaying the attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub and operatively connected to the inner hub and the rim, forming a first axial surface of the wheel; and a second air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface overlaying the attachment assembly configured to couple rim to inner hub and operatively connected to the inner hub and the rim, forming a second axial surface of the wheel, which is axially opposed to the said first surface of the wheel; wherein said first air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface and second air engaging flexible and aerodynamic surface are adaptable to external forces and change shape, when subject to such external forces.

Abstract: Reliably testing distributed systems in which multiple components interact, including: provisioning resources by a test leader, directing components to perform actions required by test suites, and reporting results. Provisioning resources might be batched in advance, and might overlap resources for multiple test suites. Provisioning and directing might occur on an as-needed basis, might be performed concurrently, and might be reordered for relatively better performance. Directing actions might occur on command by test leaders, might occur by synchronization of resources, or might occur by resources requesting permission to proceed. Resources might act only upon direction by test leaders, or might act on their own initiative when synchronized. Results might be reported to the test leader for comparison, maintained in a database for access by the test leader, or compared by resources on their own initiative in response to instructions from the test leader.

Abstract: In a reliable distributed computing system, techniques where user actions or events affecting real system devices (RSD's), or causing the system to make changes to metadata, require fewer accesses to RSD's. When a virtual system device (VSD) is mounted, substantially all the metadata, or at least that associated with data recovery, is read into memory. Changes to that metadata can be made substantially without any metadata accesses to RSD's. No metadata accesses to RSD's are made for read operations, as the RSD would remain unchanged. Metadata is flushed from memory upon write operations. Metadata about data locations can be maintained in memory, so as to be available if any RSD becomes corrupted or otherwise comes to lose data.

Abstract: Providing differing degrees of reliability or security for distinct devices within a reliable distributed system. Allowing virtual machines to operate in a reliable distributed system without either exposing the actual available devices to guest operating systems, or requiring the guest OS to maintain, or to maintain information about, reliability or security. Methods are responsive to a hierarchy of possible reliability or security failures, to guard more carefully against simultaneous failures of reliability or breaches of security, without additional work or delay. Functions invoked by the user that relate to reliability and security are hidden, so the user can specify a degree of reliability or security without having to implement those requirements themselves. Providing a uniform set of resources available to all users, separating out those individual resources that are allocated to particular users, and emulating particular devices at the request of those particular users.

Abstract: Techniques that can minimize latency during remote access between nodes in a reliable distributed computing system. A local computing device includes a protocol data unit that interacts with a substantially similar unit at a remote computing device. Each unit executes a finite state machine that is designed to minimize both the amount of wait time between messages and the number of round-trip message exchanges. The state machine resolves each request as quickly as possible to one of three states: SUCCESS, in which the transfer is successful and it is feasible to free the data transfer buffer, COMPLETE, in which the transfer is finished and a next transfer can be initiated, ABORT, in which either the sending or receiving unit declares the transfer to have failed (or aborted by a higher level element).

Abstract: Reliably making configuration changes to distributed systems, including receiving commands for multiple configuration changes, subdividing configuration changes into separate tasks, and performing those tasks at each node. A configuration element receives sets of configuration change commands, acknowledging them so the user need not wait before issuing additional commands. Tasks are determined, each including consistent changes to system configuration, and each including single-device tasklets. Each particular tasklet might be assigned to a particular single device, or to any single device in the system. Next tasks are performed when tasklets are complete. If tasklets are not timely performed due to nodes which are relatively unresponsive, those nodes are marked “failed.” When a failed node returns to responsiveness, it marks itself “recovering.” When a recovering node catches up, it marks itself “operational.” Updates by failed or recovering nodes are skipped while synchronizing with operational nodes.

Abstract: In a reliable distributed computing system, techniques where user actions or events affecting real system devices (RSD's), or causing the system to make changes to metadata, require fewer accesses to RSD's. When a virtual system device (VSD) is mounted, substantially all the metadata, or at least that associated with data recovery, is read into memory. Changes to that metadata can be made substantially without any metadata accesses to RSD's. No metadata accesses to RSD's are made for read operations, as the RSD would remain unchanged. Metadata is flushed from memory upon write operations. Metadata about data locations can be maintained in memory, so as to be available if any RSD becomes corrupted or otherwise comes to lose data.

Abstract: Real system devices (RSD's) emulate virtual system devices (VSD's); system elements can use RSD's and manipulate VSD's, while users can only use VSD's. Identifying when RSD's have erroneous data. Providing a mapping of RSD's to VSD's, to recover a maximum set of VSD's. Providing a mapping of VSD's to RSD's, to recover a specified most valuable VSD. Reconstructing VSD's from RSD's having erroneous data, and coordinating with a user's assistance to couple RSD's in an order allowing data recovery. Metadata is maintained coupling data identifiable on VSD's with corresponding data on RSD's; it is possible to trace connections between RSD's and VSD's even without complete data.

Abstract: A cellular radio network system and method for communicating with at least one vehicle-based mobile gateway terminal is provided. The at least one mobile gateway terminal is configured to communicate a network service for one or more user mobile terminals on-board the vehicle. A plurality of network cells provide cellular radio network coverage along a route of the vehicle. Each network cell is dedicated for communication with the at least one vehicle-based mobile gateway terminal so as to allow communication between the at least one vehicle-based mobile gateway terminal and a core network of the cellular radio network.

Abstract: Reliably testing distributed systems in which multiple components interact, including: provisioning resources by a test leader, directing components to perform actions required by test suites, and reporting results. Provisioning resources might be batched in advance, and might overlap resources for multiple test suites. Provisioning and directing might occur on an as-needed basis, might be performed concurrently, and might be reordered for relatively better performance. Directing actions might occur on command by test leaders, might occur by synchronization of resources, or might occur by resources requesting permission to proceed. Resources might act only upon direction by test leaders, or might act on their own initiative when synchronized. Results might be reported to the test leader for comparison, maintained in a database for access by the test leader, or compared by resources on their own initiative in response to instructions from the test leader.

Abstract: A bicycle comprising a frame, a front fork pivotably mounted to the frame, and handle bars coupled to the fork for pivoting with the fork, the handle bars including a pair of laterally spaced arm rests and a pair of laterally spaced extension hand grips, the extension hand grips provided forwardly of the arm rests such that a rider resting his forearms of his arms on the arm rests with his arms extending forwardly from the arm rests may grasp the extension hand grips with his hands, characterized by an aerodynamic element is provided mounted to the handle bars between the arm rests.

Abstract: Reliably making configuration changes to distributed systems, including receiving commands for multiple configuration changes, subdividing configuration changes into separate tasks, and performing those tasks at each node. A configuration element receives sets of configuration change commands, acknowledging them so the user need not wait before issuing additional commands. Tasks are determined, each including consistent changes to system configuration, and each including single-device tasklets. Each particular tasklet might be assigned to a particular single device, or to any single device in the system. Next tasks are performed when tasklets are complete. If tasklets are not timely performed due to nodes which are relatively unresponsive, those nodes are marked “failed.” When a failed node returns to responsiveness, it marks itself “recovering.” When a recovering node catches up, it marks itself “operational.” Updates by failed or recovering nodes are skipped while synchronizing with operational nodes.

Abstract: Maintaining consistency and freshness of information about an operational system, assuring consistent actions by system actors, assuring that system elements use only a single global status of the system for any particular status time, assuring that each pair of elements acts only upon consistent status values, assuring that system elements operate only with status values measured sufficiently recently to be reliable. Information collectors respond to status values. Information containers respond to information collectors, maintaining status values and metadata indicating whether those status values are reliable, or are consistent with respect to known correct values. Information conditions respond to information collectors or information containers, maintaining logical consistency with a unified global status. System actors respond to information containers or information conditions, acting logically consistent with that global status.

Abstract: An example method to process multi-dimensional data is provided. Example operations include detecting a request to generate a multi-dimensional data structure and determining that the multi-dimensional data structure is to include a multi-dimensional key figure. A first dimension of the key figure may be based primarily on a first characteristic and a second dimension of the key figure may be based primarily on a second characteristic. The method may further include augmenting a set of members associated with the second characteristic with a NULL member and generating a value for each dimension of the key figure. A value of the key figure may be determined by a pair made up from a member of the first characteristic and a member of the second characteristic. The key figure, the first characteristic, and the second characteristic may be then arranged into the requested multi-dimensional data structure.