Abstract: Reference electrodes that include a solid electron conductor; an interlayer; and a polymeric membrane layer comprising a polymer composition, the polymer composition comprising at least one silicone-containing polymer and at least one ionic liquid, wherein the polymeric membrane layer and the polymer composition are essentially plasticizer free and the silicone-containing polymer and the ionic liquid are miscible as determined using a thermodynamic method that shows a single glass transition temperature (Tg) of a composition including the at least one silicone-containing polymer and the at least one ionic liquid, wherein the interlayer is disposed between the solid electron conductor and the polymeric membrane layer. Also disclosed are electrochemical measurement systems including such reference electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor with an ion-selective membrane that comprises a crosslinked alkyl methacrylate homopolymer or copolymer of two or more alkyl methacrylates 1. with a covalently attached electrically neutral or electrically charged ionophore that is selective for a target cation or anion, or 2. with a covalently attached cationic or anionic ionic site, or 3. with a covalently attached cationic or anionic ionic site and covalently attached electrically neutral or electrically charged ionophore.

Abstract: Solid-contact electrodes include a molecular redox buffer that is covalently attached to one of the components of the electrodes. These electrodes can be incorporated into electrochemical sensor systems. The electrode components are an electron conductor, a membrane and optionally, an interlayer. The electrode includes covalent attachment of the molecular redox buffer to the interlayer, to the electron conductor or the membrane. The interlayer includes nanoporous carbon such as CIM-carbon. The molecular redox buffer includes a well-defined redox pair, e.g., a complex of Co(II)/Co(III). The electrodes are ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) or reference electrodes. Methods include constructing solid contact electrodes and using the electrodes in electrochemical sensor systems to determine the quantity of an analyte in a sample. The electrochemical sensor systems include disposable paper-based devices and/or wearable devices for measuring analytes in a sample.

Abstract: An electrode and a method of making an electrode includes treating polymers that contain functional groups, which by surface functionalization, such as hydrolysis, ozone treatment or carbon-carbon double-bond oxidation to produce hydroxyl functional groups on the surface. Reacting methacryloyl chloride with the resulting hydroxyl functional groups thereby providing a reactive surface. Photopolymerizing or thermal polymerization of crosslinked acrylate or methacrylate polymers on the reactive surface to produce a membrane covalently bonded to the underlying substrate. In addition such an electrode can also be produced on a polystyrene substrate by reacting methacryloyl chloride with the polystyrene substrate and photopolymerizing or thermally polymerizing to produce crosslinked acrylate or methacrylate polymers on the reactive surface to produce a membrane covalently bonded to the underlying polystyrene substrate.

Abstract: Reference electrodes that include a solid electron conductor; an interlayer; and a polymeric membrane layer comprising a polymer composition, the polymer composition comprising at least one silicone-containing polymer and at least one ionic liquid, wherein the polymeric membrane layer and the polymer composition are essentially plasticizer free and the silicone-containing polymer and the ionic liquid are miscible as determined using a thermodynamic method that shows a single glass transition temperature (Tg) of a composition including the at least one silicone-containing polymer and the at least one ionic liquid, wherein the interlayer is disposed between the solid electron conductor and the polymeric membrane layer. Also disclosed are electrochemical measurement systems including such reference electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor with an ion-selective membrane that comprises a crosslinked alkyl methacrylate homopolymer or copolymer of two or more alkyl methacrylates 1. with a covalently attached electrically neutral or electrically charged ionophore that is selective for a target cation or anion, or 2. with a covalently attached cationic or anionic ionic site, or 3.

Abstract: Solid-contact electrodes include a molecular redox buffer that is covalently attached to one of the components of the electrodes. These electrodes can be incorporated into electrochemical sensor systems. The electrode components are an electron conductor, a membrane and optionally, an interlayer. The electrode includes covalent attachment of the molecular redox buffer to the interlayer, to the electron conductor or the membrane. The interlayer includes nanoporous carbon such as CIM-carbon. The molecular redox buffer includes a well-defined redox pair, e.g., a complex of Co(II)/Co(III). The electrodes are ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) or reference electrodes. Methods include constructing solid contact electrodes and using the electrodes in electrochemical sensor systems to determine the quantity of an analyte in a sample. The electrochemical sensor systems include disposable paper-based devices and/or wearable devices for measuring analytes in a sample.

Abstract: The present description discloses solid-contact (SC) electrodes that use mesoporous carbon such as colloid-imprinted mesoporous (CIM) carbon as the interlayer. The electrodes can be ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) or reference electrodes. The CIM carbon with the interconnected mesopores is used as the intermediate layer between the solid electron conductor, such as gold, and a membrane such as an ionophore-doped ion-selective membrane or a reference membrane. The disclosure includes methods of constructing solid contact electrodes such as SC-ISE or reference electrodes with a CIM carbon interlayer, and methods of using the electrodes to determine the quantity of an analyte in a sample. The description also includes disposable paper-based devices for measuring analytes in a sample.

Abstract: Microfluidic, electrochemical devices are described. The microfluidic, electrochemical device may include a sample zone on a first porous, hydrophilic layer, a reference zone and a microfluidic channel, wherein the microfluidic channel provides for predominantly diffusive fluid communication between the sample zone and the reference zone; (therefore realizing a similar function of a reference electrode), a fluid-impermeable material that defines each of the sample zone, reference zone and microfluidic channel, a first electrode in fluid communication with the sample zone and a second electrode in fluid communication with the reference zone. Also described are microfluidic, electrochemical devices containing an ion-selective membrane for potentiometric ion sensing.

Abstract: A device for detecting an analyte present in a fluid includes a fluorous sensing phase into which the analyte enters selectively in comparison with other components of the fluid.

Abstract: A device for detecting an analyte present in a fluid includes a fluorous sensing phase into which the analyte enters selectively in comparison with other components of the fluid.