Abstract: Disclosed herein are cushioning structures and methods for their manufacture. Certain aspects provide a cushioning structure comprising a plurality of unit cells formed in an array, each unit cell of the plurality of unit cells comprising one or more first walls parallel to a central plane and a first protruding structure that protrudes from the central plane, the first protruding structure forming a concave structure on a first side of the central plane and a convex structure on a second side of the central plane, the first protruding structure comprising one or more walls at a non-perpendicular angle to the central plane.