Abstract: Described herein are, inter alia, electrodes for use in energy storage devices, such as a cathode or anode in a battery. An electrode may include a substrate which serves as a reaction site that occur during electrochemical cycling of an energy storage device. In some embodiments, an electrode can undergo intercalation chemistry, conversion chemistry, plating-stripping/deposition-dissolution chemistry, or combinations thereof. A film and/or additive may be provided in an electrode in order to mitigate side reactions and/or electrochemical passivation reactions. An electrode may include one or more materials that (i) electrochemically reduce a portion of the electrolyte to a gas during electrochemical cycling, (ii) suppress generation of hydrogen gas by increasing a hydrogen evolution overpotential, (iii) constrain gas after formation, and/or (iv) catalyze oxidation of a gas back into an electrolyte. An electrode may include one or more electroactive materials in addition to a substrate.

Abstract: An identification module and identification determination circuitry are provided for the purpose of identifying an apparatus and electrically determining the identification number of that identified apparatus. The identification module comprises a plurality of resistive identification circuits which, in turn, each comprise a plurality of resistive elements selected to have resistive magnitudes that relate to each other by powers, or orders, of two. The identification determination circuit of the present invention places each of the resistive identification circuits in series with a resistor of known magnitude between two connection points to provide a voltage potential and a resulting current flowing through the resistive identification circuit. The invention also provides a means by which the input voltage can be determined and used to adjust the determined magnitude of the resistive identification circuit.