Abstract: A closure 100 is provided for a container 104. The closure 100 has a base 112 for being installed at the opening of the container 104 interior and has open ends defining an access passage 148 extending between the open ends. The closure 100 has a liner 166 disposed between the closure base 112 and the container opening, and the liner 166 has an internal edge 214 defining a central hole. The closure 100 has a valve 160 for being located at the closure access passage 148. The valve 160 has (i) a closed configuration for occluding the access passage 148; and (ii) an open configuration for permitting communication through the access passage 148. The closure 100 has a retainer 170 for retaining the valve 160 at the closure access passage 148, and the retainer 170 has an outer surface with at least one liner abutment 186 extending therefrom for inhibiting contact between the liner internal edge 214 and the contents of the container 104.

Abstract: A closure 100 is provided for a container 104. The closure 100 has a base 112 for being installed at the opening of the container 104 interior and has open ends defining an access passage 148 extending between the open ends. The closure 100 has a liner 166 disposed between the closure base 112 and the container opening, and the liner 166 has an internal edge 214 defining a central hole. The closure 100 has a valve 160 for being located at the closure access passage 148. The valve 160 has (i) a closed configuration for occluding the access passage 148; and (ii) an open configuration for permitting communication through the access passage 148. The closure 100 has a retainer 170 for retaining the valve 160 at the closure access passage 148, and the retainer 170 has an outer surface with at least one liner abutment 186 extending therefrom for inhibiting contact between the liner internal edge 214 and the contents of the container 104.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for converting electromagnetic radiation directly into electricity. The method aligns a plurality of ferromagnetic nanocrystals to produce an aggregate magnetic field; utilizes an electrical coil in the aggregate magnetic field; and alternately directs and removes radiant energy from the ferromagnetic nanocrystals such that the aggregate magnetic field decays and regenerates to produce a current in the electrical coil. The apparatus includes either a distribution or a stackup of ferro-magnetic nanocrystals and an electrical coil, the combination of the nanocrystals and the electrical coil operating with energy derived from the source of radiant energy.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for converting electromagnetic radiation directly into electricity. The method aligns a plurality of ferromagnetic nanocrystals to produce an aggregate magnetic field; utilizes an electrical coil in the aggregate magnetic field; and alternately directs and removes radiant energy from the ferromagnetic nanocrystals such that the aggregate magnetic field decays and regenerates to produce a current in the electrical coil. The apparatus includes either a distribution or a stackup of ferro-magnetic nanocrystals and an electrical coil, the combination of the nanocrystals and the electrical coil operating with energy derived from the source of radiant energy.