Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a conductive line, a diode on the conductive line, one or more insulating patterns adjacent to diode, and a data storage region coupled to the diode. An upper surface of the diode is between the one or more insulating patterns and the data storage region. The data storage region may include a phase-change region, and the diode may taper in width between two insulating patterns in one arrangement.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a conductive line, a diode on the conductive line, one or more insulating patterns adjacent to diode, and a data storage region coupled to the diode. An upper surface of the diode is between the one or more insulating patterns and the data storage region. The data storage region may include a phase-change region, and the diode may taper in width between two insulating patterns in one arrangement.

Abstract: Magnification viewer includes a conventional glasses and a pair of magnifying lens units. The magnifying lens units are fixed to respective eyeglasses of the conventional glasses so that a wearer of the glasses can observe a magnified image of an object through the magnifying lens units. The magnifying lens unit includes an ocular and an objective lens that constitute a Galilean telescope. A prism is disposed between the ocular and the objective lens for deflecting the optical axis of the magnifying lens unit towards an object placed below the head of a wearer.

Abstract: An artificial spine for use in an expansion of a vertebral canal which comprises an intermediate section having a pair of contacting surfaces in both ends thereof, the contacting surfaces being disposed along each outer end of a pair of divided spines; an inner side section extending from the intermediate section to between said pair of divided spines and having a width, in a horizontal cross-section thereof, which is gradually reduced in the direction of the vertebral canal; and an outer side section extending from the intermediate section to a side opposed to said inner side section, the outer side section being disposed out of the divided spaces; and at least a surface portion of the artificial spine being formed from a biocompatible ceramic material. The artificial spine has an excellent compatibility with the divided spines, and can be easily fixed to the divided spines, without hindering movement of a cervical spine.

Abstract: A ceramic vertebrae prosthesis to be inserted in a cavity defined between upper and lower vertebra bodies with a removed intervertebral disk or disks is provided with upper and lower convex contact surfaces that come into contact with the upper and lower vertebra bodies.