Abstract: A monitoring system (1) comprises sensors (102) adapted to be worn by a user, and, a processor (101, 302) linked with the sensor. The processor receives sensor data and processes this data to determine user posture data including data indicative of vertical distance between level of the user's heart and ankle (?h, Vd 1, Vd2, Vd3). Based on the posture data together with a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency and/or blood density, generate an estimate of user static venous pressure while the user is static, without calf muscle pump activity. The processor (101, 302) also processes the sensor data to determine if there is calf muscle pump activity, and generates an estimate of user active venous pressure according to the static venous pressure estimate, rate of calf muscle activity, and a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency. The processor (101, 302) may generate the venous pressure estimate in real time, and may control an NMES device accordingly.

Abstract: A monitoring system comprises sensors adapted to be worn by a user, and, a processor linked with the sensor. The processor receives sensor data and processes this data to determine user posture data including data indicative of vertical distance between level of the user's heart and ankle. Based on the posture data together with a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency and/or blood density, generate an estimate of user static venous pressure while the user is static, without calf muscle pump activity. The processor also processes the sensor data to determine if there is calf muscle pump activity, and generates an estimate of user active venous pressure according to the static venous pressure estimate, rate of calf muscle activity, and a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency. The processor may generate the venous pressure estimate in real time, and may control an NMES device accordingly.

Abstract: A monitoring system comprises sensors adapted to be worn by a user, and, a processor linked with the sensor. The processor receives sensor data and processes this data to determine user posture data including data indicative of vertical distance between level of the user's heart and ankle. Based on the posture data together with a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency and/or blood density, generate an estimate of user static venous pressure while the user is static, without calf muscle pump activity. The processor also processes the sensor data to determine if there is calf muscle pump activity, and generates an estimate of user active venous pressure according to the static venous pressure estimate, rate of calf muscle activity, and a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency. The processor may generate the venous pressure estimate in real time, and may control an NMES device accordingly.

Abstract: A vascular graft includes a proximal section, integral with two branches which terminate in a distal end-to-end section. The end-to-end section is attached to a host artery at end-to-end anastomoses. Flow of blood from the proximal section to the host artery occurs with a self-correcting flow pattern at the opposing junctions, avoiding arterial bed impingement and associated risk of restenosis.

Abstract: A vascular graft (30) comprises a proximal inlet section (31), a first distal section (32) and a second distal section (33). The first distal section (32) and the second distal section (33) are attached to the proximal inlet section (31) at a Y-shaped bifurcation region. In use the proximal inlet section (31) is attached to a first part (34) of a host artery in an end-to-side anastomosis. A second part (35) of the host artery is cut to form a first section (36) of the host artery on a first side of the cut and a second section (37) of the host artery on a second side of the cut. The first distal section (32) is attached to the first section (36) in an end-to-end anastomosis, and the second distal section (33) is attached to the second section (37) in an end-to-end anastomosis.

Abstract: A vascular graft (20) comprises a proximal section (4), integral with two branches (2, 3) which terminate in a distal end-to-end section (30). The end-to-end section (30) is attached to a host artery (5) at end-to-end anastomoses (31, 32). Flow of blood from the proximal section (4) to the host artery (5) occurs with a self-correcting flow pattern at the opposing junctions, avoiding arterial bed impingement and associated risk of restenosis.