Abstract: A low-noise amplifier in a receiver supporting a beam forming function may selectively change a phase shift for beam steering. The low-noise amplifier may include first and second transistors and a variable capacitance circuit connected to a gate of the second transistor. The variable capacitance circuit may selectively change capacitance thereof based on a capacitance control signal applied thereto according to beam-forming information, where the changed capacitance correspondingly causes a phase change in an output signal of the low-noise amplifier. A similar scheme may be employed for amplifiers in transmit signal paths to steer a transmit beam.

Abstract: An example image forming apparatus includes a frame, a first shaft supported by the frame, and a first coupler. The first coupler includes a body coupled to one end of the first shaft and a first protrusion protruding from the body in an axial direction of the first shaft, the first protrusion having a first surface and a second protrusion protruding from the first surface. The second protrusion is to lock with a groove to mount a cartridge on the frame, the first shaft is to provide a rotational force in a first rotational direction to rotate the second protrusion of the first coupler and to insert the second protrusion into the groove to lock with the cartridge, and the first surface of the first protrusion of the first coupler is to contact a second surface to transmit the rotational force to the second coupler in the first rotational direction.

Abstract: An LNT (Lean NOx Trap) control method for vehicles increases a purification rate of NOx while preventing an increase in the amount of slip of separated NOx at a relatively low LNT temperature. The method includes a recycle necessity determining step that determines whether to recycle NOx of a LNT in accordance with an amount of adsorbed NOx, a LNT temperature determining step that determines whether a temperature of the LNT is below a predetermined reference temperature, a rich performing step that performs a rich mode when the temperature of the LNT is equal to the reference temperature or above and a pre-rich step that ejects fuel in a rich state when the temperature of the LNT is below the reference temperature.

Abstract: An LNT control method for a vehicle may minimize the loss ratio of fuel efficiency while satisfying limits of NOx by changing a rich mode control plan in accordance with the purification rate of NOx in LNT which changes with the degree of deterioration of LNT catalyst.

Abstract: An LNT (Lean NOx Trap) control method for vehicles increases a purification rate of NOx while preventing an increase in the amount of slip of separated NOx at a relatively low LNT temperature. The method includes a recycle necessity determining step that determines whether to recycle NOx of a LNT in accordance with an amount of adsorbed NOx, a LNT temperature determining step that determines whether a temperature of the LNT is below a predetermined reference temperature, a rich performing step that performs a rich mode when the temperature of the LNT is equal to the reference temperature or above and a pre-rich step that ejects fuel in a rich state when the temperature of the LNT is below the reference temperature.

Abstract: A degradation rate decision method of a lambda sensor, may include an injection step injecting a reducing agent so as to regenerate a nitrogen oxide purification catalyst, a lambda value detection step detecting a lambda value of the lambda sensor from a fuel/air ratio of exhaust gas after injecting the reducing agent, a reaching time decision step determining a time period that the lambda value takes to reach a predetermined criterion value after injecting the reducing agent, and a degradation rate decision step determining that the lambda sensor is degraded when the time period is equal to or longer than a predetermined time period.