Abstract: The disclosure relates to a packaging structure for a power module, a packaging method and an electric vehicle. The packaging structure includes: a circuit board; at least one power chip, where each power chip is fastened on the circuit board, and each power chip is integrated with a sensor that is capable of detecting a working state of the power chip; and a signal chip, where the signal chip is fastened on the circuit board and separated from the power chip, a compiling program is preset in the signal chip, the signal chip is in a communication connection with each sensor, and the signal chip is configured to be capable of being in a communication connection with a predetermined device, so as to output working state data of each power chip to the predetermined device. By detecting the working state of each power chip, the power chip can be protected precisely in real time.

Abstract: A system includes a controller that has a processor. The processor is configured to receive a first signal from a first sensor indicative of a first exhaust measurement, wherein the first sensor is disposed at a catalytic converter system inlet of a catalytic converter system. The processor is further configured to derive one or more of an estimated length, estimated volume, or estimated transport delay of an exhaust conduit based on the first signal, wherein a first end of the exhaust conduit is connected to an engine outlet of a engine, and a second end of the exhaust conduit is connected to the catalytic converter system inlet; and to apply the one or more of estimated length, estimated volume, or estimated transport delay of the exhaust conduit during control of the engine.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an engine system may include an engine control system configured to receive a first pressure signal transmitted from a first pressure sensor disposed downstream from a throttle valve, receive a first temperature signal transmitted from a first temperature sensor disposed downstream from the throttle valve, derive a first pressure representative of the first pressure signal, derive a first temperature representative of the first temperature signal, derive a desired air-fuel mixture flow through the throttle valve, derive a first throttle position using a model, wherein the model is configured to use the desired air-fuel mixture flow, the first pressure, and the first temperature as model input, derive a second throttle position using a map, compare the first and second throttle positions, and apply the first throttle position to control the throttle valve when the first and second throttle positions are within one or more calibrated thresholds.

Abstract: A system includes a controller that has a processor. The processor is configured to receive a first signal from a first sensor indicative of a first exhaust measurement, wherein the first sensor is disposed at a catalytic converter system inlet of a catalytic converter system. The processor is further configured to derive one or more of an estimated length, estimated volume, or estimated transport delay of an exhaust conduit based on the first signal, wherein a first end of the exhaust conduit is connected to an engine outlet of a engine, and a second end of the exhaust conduit is connected to the catalytic converter system inlet; and to apply the one or more of estimated length, estimated volume, or estimated transport delay of the exhaust conduit during control of the engine.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an engine system may include an engine control system configured to receive a first pressure signal transmitted from a first pressure sensor disposed downstream from a throttle valve, receive a first temperature signal transmitted from a first temperature sensor disposed downstream from the throttle valve, derive a first pressure representative of the first pressure signal, derive a first temperature representative of the first temperature signal, derive a desired air-fuel mixture flow through the throttle valve, derive a first throttle position using a model, wherein the model is configured to use the desired air-fuel mixture flow, the first pressure, and the first temperature as model input, derive a second throttle position using a map, compare the first and second throttle positions, and apply the first throttle position to control the throttle valve when the first and second throttle positions are within one or more calibrated thresholds.

Abstract: A catalyst system may include a catalyst and a first sensor that detects contents of gases entering the catalyst and reports the contents of the gases entering the catalyst to an emissions control module. A second sensor and a third sensor may detect contents of gases exiting the catalyst and report the contents of the gases exiting the catalyst to the emissions control module. The emissions control module may determine an air-fuel ratio based on the contents of gases entering the catalyst and the contents of gases exiting the catalyst. The emissions control module may instruct an air-fuel regulator to operate an engine using the air-fuel ratio.

Abstract: A catalyst system may include a catalyst and a first sensor that detects contents of gases entering the catalyst and reports the contents of the gases entering the catalyst to an emissions control module. A second sensor and a third sensor may detect contents of gases exiting the catalyst and report the contents of the gases exiting the catalyst to the emissions control module. The emissions control module may determine an air-fuel ratio based on the contents of gases entering the catalyst and the contents of gases exiting the catalyst. The emissions control module may instruct an air-fuel regulator to operate an engine using the air-fuel ratio.

Abstract: The Toilet Warm Water and Air Ejection Device is a sanitary device for the flush toilets. People can use this device to wash and then dry up their anus area using warm water jet and warm air jet after they used the toilet. The concept of this device can be used for new toilet designs. The device is simple and can also be used as an added on system to install onto existing toilets. A close up PTC water heater is integrated into the device to produce fast available warm water. An electric air heater (hair dryer for example) is used to provide warm air. Two moveable nozzles (tied-together) are used for ejecting warm water and air. During washing process, one nozzle ejects warm water. During drying up process, both nozzles eject warm air. The moveable nozzles can be rotated out of the toilet after they are used.

Abstract: The electric U or H toothbrush is for the daily use of cleaning teeth. Its toothbrush head is in U or H shape. Inside the U or H shape toothbrush head, there are rotators driven by an electric motor. Brushes extend from these rotators inward facing the top, front and back of teeth. During tooth brushing, the user turn on a switch, the electric U or H Toothbrush cleans all surfaces of the teeth at same time, which makes it very efficient. It minimizes the hard to reach areas on the back of teeth, which makes it more effective on tooth cleaning. Elastic materials are used to allow the toothbrush head deforming to fit with teeth of different sizes. Humps are designed inside the toothbrush head to control the deformation. A toothbrush handle is designed that it can rotate with respect to the toothbrush head for convenient use.

Abstract: The H Shape Toothbrush is for the daily use of cleaning teeth. Its toothbrush head is in H shape. Inside the H shape toothbrush head, brushes extend inward facing the top, front and back of teeth as well as gums on both top and bottom jaw. During tooth brushing, it cleans all surfaces of the teeth and cleans/massages gums at same time in every stroke, which makes it very efficient. It minimizes the hard to reach areas on the back of teeth for the ordinary toothbrush, which makes it more effective on tooth cleaning. Elastic materials are used to allow the toothbrush head deforming to fit with teeth of different sizes. 8 humps are designed inside the H shape toothbrush head to control the deformation. A toothbrush handle is designed that it can rotate with respect to the H shape toothbrush head for convenient use.

Abstract: The U Shape Toothbrush is for the daily use of cleaning teeth. Its toothbrush head is in U shape. Inside the U shape toothbrush head, brushes extend inward from 3 directions facing the top, front and back of teeth. During tooth brushing, it cleans the top, front and back of teeth at same time in every stroke, which makes it very efficient. It also minimizes the hard to reach areas on the back of teeth for the ordinary toothbrush, which makes it more effective on cleaning the back of teeth. Part of the toothbrush head is made of elastic material to allow the toothbrush head deforming to fit with teeth of different sizes. 4 humps are designed inside the U shape toothbrush head to control the deformation. A toothbrush handle is designed that it can rotate with respect to the U shape toothbrush head for convenient use.

Abstract: The Toilet Warm Water and Air Ejection Device is a sanitary device for the flush toilets. People can use this device to wash and then dry up their anus area using warm water jet and warm air jet after they used the toilet. The concept of this device can be used for new toilet designs. The device is simple and can also be used as an added on system to install onto existing toilets. A close up PTC water heater is integrated into the device to produce fast available warm water. An electric air heater (hair dryer for example) is used to provide warm air. Two moveable nozzles (tied-together) are used for ejecting warm water and air. During washing process, one nozzle ejects warm water. During drying up process, both nozzles eject warm air. The moveable nozzles can be rotated out of the toilet after they are used.