Abstract: The invention provides a calibration method for bulk radiation wastes. The calibration method for bulk radiation method for bulk radiation wastes including the following steps. First, pluralities of objects are provided. Then, the plurality of objects arranged into calibration member. In addition, a measurement system and a measurement method for bulk radiation wastes are provided.

Abstract: The invention discloses a detection method using nanoaggregate-embedded beads and system thereof, which are characterized in that the nanoaggregate of Raman dye and metal nanoparticles is coated by an inorganic oxide to form a nanoaggregate-embedded bead, and which is then conjugated with a probe molecule to form a sensor bead. The Raman spectra of the product formed by binding of the sensor bead and an analyte in a sample is detected for determining whether the analyte exists in the sample. In embodiment, the pH of the solution of metal nanoparticles is controlled to keep at 10, and the concentration of the Raman dye is controlled to keep between 1×10?6 M and 2×10?6 M for reducing the size of the nanoaggregate.

Abstract: A nanoaggregate embedded bead is formed from an inner core formed of comprising metallic nanoparticles and Raman active reporter molecules, an outer shell, and single-domain antibodies to target the bead to a specific target. The nanoaggregate embedded bead may be used in methods to detect analytes or pathogens in biological or environmental samples using Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract: The invention discloses a detection method using nanoaggregate-embedded beads and system thereof, which are characterized in that the nanoaggregate of Raman dye and metal nanoparticles is coated by an inorganic oxide to form a nanoaggregate-embedded bead, and which is then conjugated with a probe molecule to form a sensor bead. The Raman spectra of the product formed by binding of the sensor bead and an analyte in a sample is detected for determining whether the analyte exists in the sample. In embodiment, the pH of the solution of metal nanoparticles is controlled to keep at 10, and the concentration of the Raman dye is controlled to keep between 1×10?6M and 2×10?6M for reducing the size of the nanoaggregate.

Abstract: The invention discloses a detection method using nanoaggregate-embedded beads and system thereof, which are characterized in that the nanoaggregate of Raman dye and metal nanoparticles is coated by an inorganic oxide to form a nanoaggregate-embedded bead, and which is then conjugated with a probe molecule to form a sensor bead. The Raman spectra of the product formed by binding of the sensor bead and an analyte in a sample is detected for determining whether the analyte exists in the sample. In embodiment, the pH of the solution of metal nanoparticles is controlled to keep at 10, and the concentration of the Raman dye is controlled to keep between 1×10?6M and 2×10?6M for reducing the size of the nanoaggregate.