Abstract: A process for producing monomers is disclosed. The process comprises hydrocracking a pyrolysis oil stream in a hydrocracking reactor over a hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of a hydrocracking hydrogen stream at hydrocracking conditions to open rings present in said pyrolysis oil stream to produce a hydrocracked effluent stream. The hydrocracked effluent stream is fractionating in a fractionation column to provide a naphtha stream. The naphtha stream is contacted with a NEP catalyst and hydrogen to produce a light paraffinic stream or with a reforming catalyst to produce an aromatics stream.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises discharging spent hydrotreating catalyst fines from a hydrotreating reactor. The hydrotreating catalyst fines comprise a metal from Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB, and Group VIII metals on an inorganic support. A bio-oil stream is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of the spent hydrotreating catalyst fines in a bio-oil reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. The spent hydrotreating catalyst fines can be characterized by a D90 particles size of about 1000 microns.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a bio-oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. The upgraded bio-oil stream is charged to an FCC unit, a hydroprocessing unit, or a reforming unit to produce an intermediate blend or a fuel stream. A fuel oil stream can be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream. The catalyst may be separated and recycled to the reactor. The upgraded bio-oil stream can be used directly to produce an intermediate blend or fuel. A fuel oil stream may be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a bio-oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst and a stable oil in a reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. A recycle oil stream is taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream. The recycle oil stream is recycled to the reactor to provide the stable oil. The content of the reactor can be measured using various techniques and characterized based on the concentration of one or more functional groups for example oxygenates. Further, a fuel oil stream can be taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a bio-oil stream is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a bio-oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor to produce an upgraded bio-oil stream. A recycle oil stream is taken from the upgraded bio-oil stream. The recycle oil stream is recycled to the reactor to provide the upgraded bio-oil stream. Concentration of functional groups such as an oxygenate group in the recycle oil stream is measured. Based on the measurement of the concentration of the oxygenate in the recycle oil stream, the recycle rate of the recycle oil stream can be adjusted.

Abstract: Methods for a pre-treating process that removes organic chlorides from pyrolysis oils, vegetable oils, fats, or combinations thereof before they are sent to a processing unit are described, as well as an apparatus for the pre-treatment process. The pre-treatment process involves the catalytic hydrodechlorination of the pyrolysis oils, vegetable oils, fats, or combinations thereof. The pre-treatment process may include saturating dienes.

Abstract: An ultrasound responsive lipid nanoparticle carrying genes and a cell membrane is provided, which can simultaneously carry small molecule nucleic acids and a cell membrane, and can be used as a gene transfection carrier in vivo. Its surface is connected with small molecule nucleic acids based on the principle of charge adsorption, a component of a cell membrane is mixed in a surface lipid layer, PFP is encapsulated inside the nanoparticle, liquid gas phase transition occurs under ultrasonic irradiation, and blasting occurs under continuous ultrasonic irradiation, the blasting energy generated forms reversible acoustic holes on the surface of the cell membrane, and a drug released after blasting is driven by a blasting driving force to directly enter an interior of the cell through the acoustic holes, realizing an efficient release and transfection of nucleic acids in the cell.

Abstract: A process of hydrocracking a feed stream is provided. The hydrocracking process comprises hydrocracking a feed stream in a hydrocracking reactor over a hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of a hydrocracking hydrogen stream at hydrocracking conditions to open at least 95 vol % of all rings present in the feed stream to produce a hydrocracked effluent stream that is aliphatic. The feed stream to the hydrocracking process may comprise more than one feedstock. The feed stream to the hydrocracking process may comprise a petroleum origin feed or a bio-based feed or a combination of both.

Abstract: An ultrasound responsive lipid nanoparticle carrying genes and a cell membrane is provided, which can simultaneously carry small molecule nucleic acids and a cell membrane, and can be used as a gene transfection carrier in vivo. Its surface is connected with small molecule nucleic acids based on the principle of charge adsorption, a component of a cell membrane is mixed in a surface lipid layer, PFP is encapsulated inside the nanoparticle, liquid gas phase transition occurs under ultrasonic irradiation, and blasting occurs under continuous ultrasonic irradiation, the blasting energy generated forms reversible acoustic holes on the surface of the cell membrane, and a drug released after blasting is driven by a blasting driving force to directly enter an interior of the cell through the acoustic holes, realizing an efficient release and transfection of nucleic acids in the cell.

Abstract: An apparatus for pyrolysis of a mixed plastic stream that contains polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is provided in which the chloride from PVC is removed from an initial melting reactor that heats the mixed plastic stream to a sufficient temperature to produce HCl but at a low enough temperature to avoid production of organochlorides. Chloride is primarily removed in a vapor stream from the initial melting reactor, while additional chloride removal may be removed downstream from the melting reactor by the use of sorbent addition to the pyrolysis reactor and by subsequent adsorbent beds.

Abstract: A photonic crystal electrically pumped surface-emitting laser includes: a lower electrode; a substrate stacked above the lower electrode; a first conductive semiconductor layer stacked above the substrate; an active emitting layer stacked above the first conductive semiconductor layer; a second conductive semiconductor layer stacked above the active emitting layer, wherein the second conductive semiconductor layer includes a photonic crystal formed in alternating regions of different refractive indices, and arranged in a photonic bandgap within the second conductive semiconductor layer; and an upper electrode stacked above the second conductive semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A process for pyrolysis of a mixed plastic stream that contains polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is provided in which the chloride from PVC is removed from an initial melting reactor that heats the mixed plastic stream to a sufficient temperature to produce HCl but at a low enough temperature to avoid production of organochlorides. Chloride is primarily removed in a vapor stream from the initial melting reactor, while additional chloride removal may be removed downstream from the melting reactor by the use of sorbent addition to the pyrolysis reactor and by subsequent adsorbent beds.

Abstract: A process for pyrolysis of a mixed plastic stream that contains polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is provided in which the chloride from PVC is removed from an initial melting reactor that melts the mixed plastic stream. Chloride is removed in a vapor stream from the initial melting reactor with additional chloride removed from addition of sorbents to the pyrolysis reactor and in adsorbent beds downstream of the pyrolysis reactor. The pyrolysis reactor has a configuration comprising two cylindrical ring structures, an inner cylindrical ring structure within an outer cylindrical ring structure wherein a circulation liquid supply stream enters said pyrolysis reactor tangentially relative to a ring edge of said two cylindrical ring structures and wherein solid particles move in a downward direction to a bottom of the pyrolysis reactor.

Abstract: A quantitative evaluation method for activation energy of pyrolysis of graded diesel particulates is disclosed, relating to the technical field of diesel particulate emission. The present disclosure includes four major steps: grading of particulates, pretreatment of the particulates, thermogravimetry test for the particulates in different particle size ranges, and mathematical analysis on obtained thermogravimetric data by using a Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) formula. The particulates are collected and treated by using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor and a thermogravimetric analyzer, to obtain thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) curves of the particulates in different particle size ranges, and final activation energy values of pyrolysis of the particulates in different particle size ranges are obtained by linear fitting of the obtained data.

Abstract: The invention discloses a synthesis method and device for rapidly producing lactide at high yield. The method comprises: adding a single component of lactic acid or two components of lactic acid and catalyst, passing the mixture through a mixer to enter an oligomer preparation system, increasing a residence time through bottom circulation, synthesizing oligomeric lactic acid, and passing a gas-phase component through a rectification system. With the adoption of the device, the lactide is capable of being efficiently synthesized, crude lactide with a yield of 94% to 98% is capable of being obtained.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for recovering a product stream from a waste plastic feedstock and reducing the endpoint of the product stream is provided. A polymer oil is produced as a product stream by pyrolyzing the waste plastic feedstock in a pyrolysis reactor to produce a pyrolysis reactor effluent and passing the reactor effluent stream to a contact condensing column. In the contact condensing column, the pyrolysis reactor effluent stream is separated into a vapor product stream and a liquid product stream. The vapor product stream is recovered from the condensing column and the liquid product stream is passed back to the pyrolysis reactor for further reduction.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for recovering a product stream from a waste plastic feedstock and reducing the endpoint of the product stream is provided. A polymer oil is produced as a product stream by pyrolyzing the waste plastic feedstock in a pyrolysis reactor to produce a pyrolysis reactor effluent and passing the reactor effluent stream to a contact condensing column. In the contact condensing column, the pyrolysis reactor effluent stream is separated into a vapor product stream and a liquid product stream. The vapor product stream is recovered from the condensing column and the liquid product stream is passed back to the pyrolysis reactor for further reduction.

Abstract: A process is provided for utilizing polypropylene-containing waste plastic. The process provides pyrolyzing a plastic feed in a pyrolysis reactor to obtain a pyrolysis effluent stream. The process further provides passing the pyrolysis effluent stream to a distillation column to obtain a C9 hydrocarbons rich stream which is also dimethylheptenes rich and then passing the C9 hydrocarbons rich stream to a reforming unit to provide a reformate stream. The process further provides passing the reformate stream to a transalkylation unit to provide a mixed-xylenes stream.

Abstract: A process is provided for utilizing polypropylene-containing waste plastic. The process provides pyrolyzing a plastic feed in a pyrolysis reactor to obtain a pyrolysis effluent stream. The process further provides passing the pyrolysis effluent stream to a distillation column to obtain a C9 hydrocarbons rich stream which is also dimethylheptenes rich and then passing the C9 hydrocarbons rich stream to a reforming unit to provide a reformate stream. The process further provides passing the reformate stream to a transalkylation unit to provide a mixed-xylenes stream.

Abstract: A SHC apparatus and process comprise a catalyst precursor reactor for providing a catalyst precursor stream in downstream communication with a source of molybdenum, a SHC feed line for providing a heavy hydrocarbon feed stream in downstream communication with a heater, and a SHC reactor in downstream communication with the SHC feed line and with the catalyst precursor reactor. A process for SHC, the process comprising preparing a catalyst precursor stream comprising molybdenum in a catalyst precursor reactor, mixing the catalyst precursor stream with a heavy hydrocarbon stream to provide a catalyst precursor concentrate stream, heating a hydrocracking hydrocarbon feed stream in a heater to provide a heated hydrocracking feed stream, mixing the catalyst precursor concentrate stream with the heated hydrocarbon stream to provide a SHC feed stream, and reacting the SHC feed stream in a SHC reactor.