Abstract: An improved on-line, real time hemodialysis monitoring system for hemodialysis treatment, quantitates the rate and amount of a constituent, such as urea, removed during the hemodialysis treating by measuring the constituent concentrations as a function of time in the spent dialysate effluent from a hemodialysis machine. A quantity of the spent dialysate effluent is removed from the dialysate effluent waste line periodically for testing. A urea concentration time profile can be analyzed to determine the urea removal, KT/V, URR, SRI, and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) indices. The hemodialysis monitoring system preferably can obtain a dialysate sample equilibrated with the blood prior to the start of a hemodialysis treatment.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and apparatus for automatically conducting peritoneal equilibration testing. The method involves removing a sample of overnight dwell fluid from a patient in an amount sufficient to determine the concentration of a metabolite in the drain fluid. The concentration of the metabolite in the sample is then detected and the overnight dwell fluid is drained and weighed. A known weight of dialysate fluid is instilled into a patient and thereafter there are periodically withdrawn samples of the dialysate fluid and the concentration of metabolite in each sample is determined. The ratio of metabolite concentration of each of the periodically drawn samples to metabolite concentration for the overnight dwell fluid is determined. The patient is then drained after a predetermined dwell time and the volume of drained dialysate is determined. The mass transfer area coefficient of the patient's peritoneal membrane is then obtained as a function of the measured variables.

Abstract: An improved on-line real time hemodialysis monitoring system for hemodialysis treatment. The hemodialysis monitoring system quantitates the rate and amount of a constituent, such as urea, removed during the hemodialysis treatment by measuring the constituent concentrations as a function of time in the spent dialysate effluent from a hemodialysis machine. A quantity of the spent dialysate effluent is removed from the dialysate effluent waste line periodically for testing. A urea concentration time profile can be analyzed to determined the urea removal, KT/V, URR, SRI and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) indices. The hemodialysis monitoring system preferably can obtain a dialysate sample equilibrated with the blood prior to the start of a hemodialysis treatment. The hemodialysis monitoring system includes a two pool analysis for taking into account the constituent concentration differences in the extracellular and intracellular spaces in the hemodialysis patient during the hemodialysis treatment.

Abstract: An improved on-line real time hemodialysis monitoring system for hemodialysis treatment. The hemodialysis monitoring system quantitates the rate and amount of a constituent, such as urea, removed during the hemodialysis treatment by measuring the constituent concentrations as a function of time in the spent dialysate effluent from a hemodialysis machine. A quantity of the spent dialysate effluent is removed from the dialysate effluent waste line periodically for testing. A urea concentration time profile can be analyzed to determined the urea removal, KT/V, URR, SRI and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) indices. The hemodialysis monitoring system preferably can obtain a dialysate sample equilibrated with the blood prior to the start of a hemodialysis treatment. The hemodialysis monitoring system includes a two pool analysis for taking into account the constituent concentration differences in the extracellular and intracellular spaces in the hemodialysis patient during the hemodialysis treatment.

Abstract: A fluid sampling module is provided for utilization in on-line real time fluid monitoring systems. The fluid sampling module can be utilized as a urea input module in a hemodialysis treatment. The hemodialysis monitoring system quantitates the rate and amount of urea removed during the hemodialysis treatment by measuring the urea concentrations as a function of time in the spent dialysate effluent from a hemodialysis machine. The urea input module interfaces with the dialysate effluent waste line from the hemodialysis machine and periodically removes a quantity of the spent dialysate effluent for measurement. The urea input module detects low flow rates and eliminates low flow rate flutter. The urea input module includes a resealable make before break docking interface with the dialysate effluent line and preferably includes a filter between the urea input module and the urea sensor.

Abstract: A method for determining the clearance competency of dialyzers utilized in renal hemodialysis comprises measuring the conductivity of a dialysate solution of low initial conductivity while circulating a priming solution of greater conductivity on the blood side of the dialyzer, correlating the rate of dialysis of molecules contained in the printing solution to known clearance rates for urea or other targeted blood impurity for the types and compositions of the particular dialysis membranes being utilized, and calculating the precise length of treatment time or other treatment parameters required to cleanse the blood to be dialyzed of impurities and biotoxins to a predicted target value. Failsafe control means which prevents mistakes in connecting unsafe fluid sources to the dialyzer is also provided.