Abstract: An exemplary aspect of this disclosure relates to a charging system comprising a first battery; a photovoltaic array; a battery management system configured to cause a photovoltaic switchgear to open and close, wherein the high voltage switchgear is configured to receive power from the first battery at the same time the first battery receives power from the photovoltaic array through the photovoltaic switchgear; a junction including the photovoltaic switchgear; and a high voltage switchgear, wherein the first battery is configured to receive power from the photovoltaic array when the photovoltaic switchgear is closed.

Abstract: An exemplary aspect of this disclosure relates to a charging system comprising a first battery; a photovoltaic array; a battery management system configured to cause a photovoltaic switchgear to open and close, wherein the high voltage switchgear is configured to receive power from the first battery at the same time the first battery receives power from the photovoltaic array through the photovoltaic switchgear; a junction including the photovoltaic switchgear; and a high voltage switchgear, wherein the first battery is configured to receive power from the photovoltaic array when the photovoltaic switchgear is closed.

Abstract: A diagnostic method for a reciprocating internal combustion engine with multiple cylinders includes determining a first exhaust gas percentage in an exhaust stream of the engine while cutting a fuel supply to a first cylinder of the multiple cylinders and fueling the remainder of the multiple cylinders. The method also includes determining a second exhaust gas percentage in the exhaust stream while cutting a fuel supply to a second cylinder of the multiple cylinders and fueling the remainder of the multiple cylinders, and determining a diagnostic condition of the engine as a function of the first exhaust gas percentage and the second exhaust gas percentage.