Abstract: The present subject matter includes systems, methods, and devices for optimization of objects generated using 3-D printing. A printed object may be optimized for performance, such as increasing the strength of the object while retaining the shape of the object. For example, if the object is an object designed for a three-point bend, optimization may include removing material from regions within the object to change the relative densities and stiffness in each of the regions while retaining the original shape of the object. Optimization of an object while retaining the object shape enables the object to function and to appear as it was origin ally designed, and to continue to interact with neighboring components in the same way.

Abstract: A manufacturing method and system is described. The method includes, in one aspect: generating print location instructions for a part to be printed; determining a printing direction for the part or elements of the part by analyzing a direction of maximum principal stress for elements of the part to be printed subject to tension under the load and a direction of minimum principal stress for elements of the part to be printed subject to compression under the load; generating print direction instructions for the part, the print direction instructions including instructions to print the part in the determined printing direction; and printing the part in a manufacturing system in accordance with the print location instructions and print direction instructions.