Abstract: Methods for treating and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection are described that inhibit viral replication, multiple protease activities, and provide anti-inflammatory activity. Such activities can be provided by a single species, such as a naturally occurring cyclic peptide.

Abstract: ?-defensins, non-human macrocyclic peptides, have been found to reduce expression of genes encoding for various pro-inflammatory peptides (such as cytokines and chemokines) in a highly selective manner. Methods for treating inflammatory conditions utilizing a ?-defensin and/or a ?-defensin analog, methods for modifying (e.g. down regulating) gene expression for pro-inflammatory peptides in a subject in need thereof using a ?-defensin and/or a ?-defensin analog, methods for selectively modifying expression of such genes and/or reducing pro-inflammatory peptides in a subject without inducing or worsening immunosuppression using a ?-defensin and/or a ?-defensin analog are discussed, as are compositions that include a ?-defensin and/or a ?-defensin analog in an amount and/or form suitable for use in such methods.