Abstract: A method comprises obtaining an endoscope; obtaining a needle; inserting the endoscope into the needle to obtain a system; inserting the system into an animal body; and distinguishing components of the animal body using the endoscope and while the system remains in the animal body. A system comprises a needle; and an endoscope inserted into the needle and configured to: store a convolutional neural network (CNN); distinguish among a cortex of a kidney of an animal body, a medulla of the kidney, and a calyx of the kidney using the CNN; and distinguish between vascular tissue and non-vascular tissue in the animal body using the CNN.

Abstract: In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary system includes a hollow probe having a lumen containing one or more excitation optical fiber(s) and one or more imaging optical fiber(s) where the probe is sized to access a person's body, a first light source optically coupled to the excitation fiber(s) and configured to emit light that excites fluorescence of NADH in breast tissue, a second light source optically coupled to the excitation fiber(s) and configured to emit light that excites fluorescence of FAD in tissue such as breast tissue, an image capturing device optically coupled to the imaging fiber(s), and a controller configured to control the first light source and the image capturing device to capture NADH fluorescence signals/intensities while the probe is within the person's body and control the second light source and the image capturing device to capture FAD fluorescence signals/intensities while the probe is within the person's body.