Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to padding control frame. A device may receive a minimum medium access control protocol data unit (MPDU) start spacing field specifying a minimum spacing duration required between transmissions of protected control frames. The device may transmit a protected control frame including padding after a message integrity code (MIC), the padding comprising a number of bytes indicated by a peer station based on binary convolutional coding (BCC) encoding. The device may apply additional padding for a specified padding duration for MIC verification based on the received minimum MPDU start spacing field.

Abstract: A wireless device configured for communication in a wireless local area network (WLAN) may determine whether a detected physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) is an enhanced long range (ELR) PPDU or a non-ELR PPDU and may estimate a power level for a data field of the detected PPDU. The device may use the estimated power level for determining a PHY-CCA indication primitive. The estimated power level for an ELR data field may be determined based on predetermined power boost levels of one or more fields in the ELR PPDU. For a spatial reuse transmission, a transmit power level may be determined based on the estimated power level for the ELR data field. A ELR PPDU may comprise a legacy preamble followed by a ELR preamble and an ELR data field. The ELR preamble may comprise an ELR classification field followed by an ELR-STF, an ELR-LTF and an ELR-SIG.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to a trigger-based null data packet (NDP) for channel sounding system. A device may send a trigger frame to a group of station devices, the group of station devices including a first station device, the trigger frame indicating a high efficiency (HE) long training field (HE-LTF) mode and a guard interval duration. The device may identify a HE trigger-based (TB) null data packet (NDP) received from the first station device, the HE TB NDP including a first packet extension field, wherein the HE TB NDP is associated with the HE-LTF mode and the guard interval duration indicated in the trigger frame. The device may send a downlink NDP including a second packet extension field, a second HE-LTF mode, and a second guard interval duration. The device may determine channel state information based on HE TB NDP received from the first station device.

Abstract: This disclosure describes mechanisms for performing rate matching in low-density parity check (LPDC) codes in a wireless network. A device may generate an Aggregated Media Access (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (AMPDU) payload having an AMPDU payload size associated with a number of bits. The device may omit pre-Forward Error Correction (FEC) padding of the AMPDU payload at a MAC layer by indicating the AMPDU payload size in a physical layer (PHY)-specific preamble. The device may then generate the PHY-specific preamble comprising the AMPDU payload size without the pre-FEC padding. The device may also calculate a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for containing the number of bits and transmit the PHY-specific preamble and the number of OFDM symbols to a station device.

Abstract: The disclosure provides techniques for a configuration of frequency domain aggregated (FA) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) for trigger based (TB) PPDUs. An apparatus for an access point (AP) includes a radio frequency (RF) interface; and processing circuitry coupled with the RF interface. The processing circuitry is configured to: encode a trigger frame to be transmitted via the RF interface to stations (STAs) communicatively connected with the AP, wherein the trigger frame includes signaling to indicate a configuration of frequency domain aggregated (FA) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) for at least two STAs; and decode an FA PPDU aggregated by composite trigger based (TB) PPDUs from the at least two STAs.

Abstract: For example, an AP device, which includes a co-located AP set of a plurality of APs, may be configured to configure the plurality of APs to communicate over a respective plurality of wireless communication channels in a 6 GHz frequency band according to an Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) allocation scheme including a plurality of AFC allocations for the plurality of wireless communication channels, respectively, wherein the plurality of AFC allocations corresponds to a plurality of different coverage areas relative to the AP device; to monitor an estimated distance between a STA and the AP device; and to instruct the STA to communicate with the co-located AP set over an assigned wireless communication channel of the plurality of wireless communication channels.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to correlation reduction. A device may generate a sequence of pseudo-random symbols associated with a sounding signal to be transmitted to a first station device. The device may apply a modifier to the sequence of pseudo-random symbols. The device may generate a secure sounding signal from the modified sequence of pseudo-random symbols. The device may send the secure sounding signal to a first station device.

Abstract: Gypsum boards formed from synthetic gypsum and other gypsum sources having high chloride salt concentrations. Gypsum boards may include a board core including set gypsum between a front cover sheet and a back cover sheet. A total concentration of the chloride anion in the board core ranges from about 150 to 4000 parts by weight (pbw) chloride, typically about 300 to about 3000 pbw, more typically from about 400 to about 2000 pbw, further typically from about 1000 to about 2000 pbw, and further typically from about 600 to about 1000 pbw, per 1,000,000 pbw calcium sulfate dihydrate. A polymer layer contacts an inner surface of the back cover sheet. A densified gypsum layer contacts an inner surface of the front cover sheet. Methods of making the gypsum board, and a wall system for employing the gypsum boards, are also provided.

Abstract: A station (STA) may operate as a first peer-to-peer (P2P) client (P2P1) for P2P operations with dual-stage triggering. The STA may decode a primary frame trigger frame (TF) from an access point (AP) operating as a coordinator. The primary TF may allocate resources in an initial portion of a time-duration allocation to the P2P1 for the P2P operations with one or more other peer stations, including a second P2P client (P2P2) and a third P2P client (P2P3). The primary TF may further allocate resources in a subsequent portion of the time-duration allocation to the P2P2 for the P2P operations. The STA may also encode a first secondary TF for transmission within the initial portion of the time-duration allocation. The first secondary TF may allocate specific resource units (RUs) to the one or more other peer stations. The STA may also decode a TB physical layer protocol data unit (TB PPDU) encoded in accordance with a multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiple access (MU OFDMA) frame format.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and computer readable media for signaling with unequal and finer MCSs, where an apparatus of an AP is configured to: encode a user field for a MU MIMO allocation, the user field comprising a station (STA) identification (ID) (STA-ID) subfield, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) subfield, a spatial configuration subfield, and a Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) subfield, the STA-ID subfield identifying a STA associated with the AP. The wireless devices are configured for signaling unequal and finer MCSs, modulation patterns, 2×LDPC, and 1×LDPC.

Abstract: A program that defines and assesses the dynamic risk of software vulnerabilities and considers the dynamic risks into patch scheduling to reduce security risks posed by vulnerabilities and provide formal guidance to security operations at various organizations.

Abstract: The application provides a method, including: generating a Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) comprising both information for one or more first-generation stations (R1 STAs) and information for one or more second-generation stations (R2 STAs); and transmitting the PPDU to the one or more R1 STAs and the one or more R2 STAs, wherein a preamble portion of the PPDU comprises Resource Unit (RU) allocation entries corresponding to the one or more R1 STAs and RU allocation entries corresponding to the one or more R2 STAs.

Abstract: The application relates to an apparatus and method used in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). The apparatus includes: a Radio Frequency (RF) interface; and processor circuitry coupled with the RF interface and configured to: generate an Extremely High Throughput (EHT) Physical Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and provide the EHT PPDU to the RF interface for transmitting on a transmission bandwidth, wherein any of distributed Resource Units (dRUs) for transmitting a data portion of the EHT PPDU is associated with a whole or part of an EHT-Short Training Field (STF) sequence constituting the EHT PPDU, and any of the dRUs is a resource unit, subcarriers of which are distributed across one or more frequency sub-blocks within the transmission bandwidth for transmitting the EHT PPDU.

Abstract: Disclosed are gypsum boards and methods of preparing gypsum board using silica fume. The board contains a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets. The core is formed from a core slurry comprising water, stucco, and silica fume. The silica fume is dispersed before adding into the gypsum slurry. The gypsum board demonstrates desirable fire-resistance properties when subjected to various high temperature shrinkage and thermal insulation tests according to ASTM C1795-15. The dispersed silica fume surprisingly and unexpectedly allows for enhancing the fire resistance of gypsum board. In embodiments, the presence of the silica fume in the core slurry allows for excluding expandable vermiculite therein.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to long range beacon. A device may determine one or more co-located frequency bands with a 6 GHz access point (AP). The device may generate a reduced neighbor report (RNR), wherein the RNR comprises information associated with the 6 GHz AP. The device may determine a minimum bandwidth to transmit a beacon frame using a communication mode. The device may cause to send the beacon frame to a first station device.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for wireless communication is described in which post-Forward Error Correction (FEC) padding in a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) is replaced with non post-FEC data. The data signals include repeating codebits or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols of the last codeword. In addition, the coding rate, modulation order, orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbol duration, and/or transmission bandwidth is able to be reduced, less power is allocated to padding subcarriers, a pre-FEC padding factor is increased, and/or control information piggybacked in the padding. The replacement may be limited to short PPDUs or those exceeding a threshold length. An increase in packet extension duration allows additional processing time.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the technical field of nanomaterial synthesis, and in particular, to a preparation method for a core-shell structure quantum dot. The preparation method provided by the present disclosure includes the following steps: in a protective gas atmosphere, mixing a cadmium source, an organic ligand, and an organic solvent with a first selenium source for a nucleation reaction to obtain an organic solution of a CdSe quantum dot core; and mixing the organic solution of the CdSe quantum dot core, a zinc source and an inorganic anion source for shell coating to obtain the core-shell structure quantum dot, where the inorganic anion source includes a second selenium source.

Abstract: For example, a wireless communication device may be configured to generate a wide bandwidth Long Training Field (LTF) configured for channel sounding over a wide channel bandwidth of at least 320 Megahertz (MHz). For example, the wide bandwidth LTF may include a plurality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols over the wide channel bandwidth. For example, the wireless communication device may be configured to transmit a Null Data Packet (NDP) over the wide channel bandwidth. For example, the NDP may include a non-High-Throughput (non-HT) Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-HIT LTF (L-LTF) after the L-STF, a non-HT Signal (L-SIG) field after the L-LTF, a Repeated L-SIG (RL-SIG) field after the L-SIG field, and the wide bandwidth LTF after the RL-SIG field.

Abstract: For example, a STA may determine a pre-FEC padding factor value for a PPDU, the pre-FEC padding factor value in a range between 1 and 2Na, wherein Na is an integer greater than 2; set Na bits in a Signal (SIG) field of the PPDU to indicate the pre-FEC padding factor value; and encode a data field of the PPDU according to a FEC coding based on the pre-FEC padding factor value. For example, a STA may encode a data field of a PPDU according to a FEC coding based on a pre-FEC padding factor value and based on a condition that no post-FEC padding is to be applied for the PPDU; and set an LDPC extra symbol subfield in a SIG field of the PPDU to indicate whether or not an LDPC extra symbol is present based on encoding of the data field of the PPDU.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices for probabilistic constellation shaping in wireless transmissions may include a device configured to generate, using a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) order shaping encoder associated with a first code rate, shaped amplitude bits; generate, using a forward error correcting (FEC) encoder and a second code rate smaller than the first code rate, parity bits for the shaped amplitude bits; cause to transmit, using a channel, a first portion of the parity bits as sign bits for the shaped amplitude bits; and cause to transmit, using the channel, a second portion of the parity bits.