Abstract: A method for manufacturing a display device, and a method for controlling a contrast in such display devices. The display device includes: a liquid crystal cell including a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other; and a light valve controller located at a side of the first substrate facing away from the second substrate; the light valve controller including an upper substrate and a lower substrate disposed opposite to each other, and liquid crystal molecules located between the upper substrate and the lower substrate. The liquid crystal cell includes a plurality of display sub- pixels arranged in an array; the light valve controller includes a plurality of control sub-pixels arranged in an array; the display sub-pixels and the control sub-pixels are in one-to-one correspondence.

Abstract: A computer-based simulation system of modeling crowd behavior is provided. The system includes a cognition module based upon a model of cognitive elements representative of a crowd. The system also includes a physical-action module for modeling the context and action attributes of a crowd. The system further includes an application program interface (API) comprising a set of computer-implemented functions for running the cognition module in conjunction with the physical-action module in a pre-selected computing environment.