Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a communications method and a communications device, so that multiple service signals can be borne in a same bearing area of a same Ethernet PCS lane. Therefore, it is implemented that multiple types of service signals share an Ethernet channel, so that the multiple types of service signals can share a link resource and an interface module resource. This provides a basis for convergence and integration of devices in a multi-technology system, and can improve utilization of link resources and reduce a quantity, a footprint, power consumption, maintenance costs, and the like of devices in a metropolitan area network.

Abstract: This application provides a radio fronthaul interface signal transmission method, a device, and a system. A network device obtains a radio fronthaul interface signal including a plurality of code blocks. The network device maps the radio fronthaul interface signal to M flexible Ethernet FlexE service layer timeslots to generate a FlexE signal, where the FlexE service layer timeslots are determined based on a rate of the radio fronthaul interface signal, and M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1. The network device sends the FlexE signal to one or more physical lanes. The radio fronthaul interface signal such as a CPRI signal, an eCPRI signal, or an NGFI signal is carried by using FlexE, and the FlexE service layer timeslots are divided based on the rate of the radio fronthaul interface signal.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a data stream in a flexible Ethernet, where the method includes obtaining a to-be-transmitted data stream, allocating the data stream to N physical connections according to a sequence of the N physical connections in a physical connection group in order to obtain N sub-streams respectively corresponding to the N physical connections, and transmitting the N sub-streams using the N physical connections, where a sub-stream transmitted over each physical connection includes configuration status information of each physical connection, and the configuration status information includes an identifier of each physical connection and an identifier of a physical connection adjacent to each physical connection in the physical connection group. The method reduces, in a data stream transmission process, overheads required for identifying a sequence of all the physical connections in the physical connection group and improves transmission efficiency.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a protection switching method and system, a network device, and related communications technologies. In various embodiments, if n links carrying a client service are unavailable in a FlexE link group, at least one protection link can be selected, by a first network device, from links other than the n links in the FlexE link group. A calendar request can be sent, by the first network device, to a second network device over the protection link. A calendar acknowledge can be sent by the second network device over the protection link and can be received, by the first network device. A transmission of the client service can be switched over from the n links to the protection link. In the present invention, an application requirement of the FlexE for protection switching is satisfied.

Abstract: A transmission rate adjustment method and a network device, the method including obtaining, by a network device, a target data stream, where the target data stream includes a first data packet, and where the first data packet includes at least two non-idle units, and inserting or deleting a padding unit between two non-idle units of the at least two non-idle units, in response to bandwidth adjustment needing to be performed, and according to a value of the bandwidth adjustment that needs to be performed, where the padding unit provides adaption to a difference between a bandwidth of an upstream transmission channel of the network device and a bandwidth of a downstream transmission channel of the network device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) data transmission methods and apparatus. One example method includes obtaining a first data flow and sending the first data flow. The first data flow includes at least one first OAM data block. The at least one first OAM data block is a code block that carries first OAM data. The first data flow is a data flow obtained by deleting at least one redundant block or at least one second OAM data block from a second data flow and inserting the at least one first OAM data block, or the first data flow is a data flow obtained by modifying at least one second OAM data block in a second data flow. The second data flow is an aggregated data flow. The second OAM data block carries second OAM data.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for sending a service, a method and an apparatus for receiving a service, and a network system. The method for sending a service includes obtaining, by a transmit end device, an original data stream, inserting a quantity mark k into the original data stream, to generate a first data stream, where the quantity mark k is a quantity of first data units in the original data stream, and k is greater than or equal to 0, and sending the first data stream.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a service sending method and apparatus, a service receiving method and apparatus, and a network system. The service sending method includes: obtaining, by a transmit-end device, an original data flow; inserting an increment tag p in the original data flow, to generate a first data flow, where the increment tag p is used to identify a quantity of changed idle units of the first data flow relative to the original data flow; and sending the first data flow. In the embodiments of the present disclosure, transparent transport of clock frequency and time phase information of a service is implemented.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a service sending method and apparatus, and a service receiving method and apparatus. One example service sending method includes obtaining, by a network device, a first data stream and a second data stream, and inserting the first data stream into the second data stream to generate a third data stream. The third data stream includes a first information block and a second information block, the first information block is used to carry the first data stream, the second information block is used to carry a first data stream distribution indication map, the first data stream distribution indication map is used to indicate a location of the first information block, and the second information block is identified by using a preset map block type.

Abstract: This application discloses a data forwarding method and device. The method includes: obtaining a first data unit sequence stream by using a first logical ingress port, where the first data unit sequence stream includes at least one first data unit; determining, according to a preconfigured mapping relationship between at least one logical ingress port and at least one logical egress port, a first logical egress port corresponding to the first logical ingress port, where the at least one logical ingress port includes the first logical ingress port; adjusting a quantity of idle units in the first data unit sequence stream, so that a rate of an adjusted first data unit sequence stream matches a rate of the first logical egress port; and sending the adjusted first data unit sequence stream by using the first logical egress port.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a transmission apparatus, a connection device, and a method, where the apparatus includes N Ethernet Medium Access Control MAC ports, where each Ethernet MAC port is corresponding to a first MII interface, K Ethernet physical layer interfaces, where each Ethernet physical layer interface is corresponding to a second MII interface, and a connection device, where both N and K are positive integers; where the connection device is configured to control a time-division interconnect bus in the connection device or a time-division space-division switching matrix in the connection device to implement a connection between a timeslot of the first MII interface and a timeslot of the second MII interface, where the N Ethernet MAC ports and the K Ethernet physical layer interfaces are separately connected to the connection device by using the first MII interfaces and the second MII interfaces.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a transmission apparatus, a connection device, and a method, where the apparatus includes N Ethernet Medium Access Control MAC ports, where each Ethernet MAC port is corresponding to a first MII interface, K Ethernet physical layer interfaces, where each Ethernet physical layer interface is corresponding to a second MII interface, and a connection device, where both N and K are positive integers; where the connection device is configured to control a time-division interconnect bus in the connection device or a time-division space-division switching matrix in the connection device to implement a connection between a timeslot of the first MII interface and a timeslot of the second MII interface, where the N Ethernet MAC ports and the K Ethernet physical layer interfaces are separately connected to the connection device by using the first MII interfaces and the second MII interfaces.

Abstract: A data transmission method, a transmitter, and a receiver, where the method includes obtaining constant bit rate (CBR) service data, performing physical coding sublayer (PCS) encoding on the CBR service data, inserting a rate adaptation code block in a PCS bitstream obtained by PCS encoding to perform rate adaptation on the PCS bitstream, mapping the adapted PCS bitstream to N timeslots of a flexible Ethernet (FlexE) frame, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to one, and sending the FlexE frame, where FlexE overhead of the FlexE frame includes information indicating the N timeslots corresponding to the PCS bitstream. Hence, according to the data transmission method, the transmitter, and the receiver, the CBR service data may be mapped to a FlexE, and a carrying capability of the FlexE is improved.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a method for transmitting a service stream in a flexible Ethernet and an apparatus. The method includes: obtaining a to-be-transmitted service stream, where the service stream is to be transmitted by using a target virtual connection supported by a physical connection group between a transmit end and a receive end, the physical connection group includes multiple physical connections and supports at least one virtual connection, and the target virtual connection is any one of the at least one virtual connection; determining, from total bandwidth resources of the multiple physical connections and according to timeslot configuration tables used by the multiple physical connections, a timeslot bandwidth resource that belongs to the target virtual connection; and transmitting the service stream to the receive end by using the timeslot bandwidth resource that belongs to the target virtual connection.

Abstract: A data frame transmission method and apparatus for a virtual elastic Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), where the method includes constructing a super frame of the virtual elastic CPRI, where the super frame of the virtual elastic CPRI is a data frame of a CPRI physical interface equivalent to N times of a reference rate, and N is a positive integer, dividing a frame structure of a physical interface into a plurality of timeslots, where bandwidth of the plurality of timeslots is not less than the reference rate, placing the super frame of the virtual elastic CPRI into at least one timeslot of the plurality of timeslots in the frame structure of the physical interface to obtain a new data frame, and sending the new data frame to a receive end using the physical interface. Hence, network bandwidth utilization can be improved.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a data stream in a flexible Ethernet, where the method includes obtaining a to-be-transmitted data stream, allocating the data stream to N physical connections according to a sequence of the N physical connections in a physical connection group in order to obtain N sub-streams respectively corresponding to the N physical connections, and transmitting the N sub-streams using the N physical connections, where a sub-stream transmitted over each physical connection includes configuration status information of each physical connection, and the configuration status information includes an identifier of each physical connection and an identifier of a physical connection adjacent to each physical connection in the physical connection group. The method reduces, in a data stream transmission process, overheads required for identifying a sequence of all the physical connections in the physical connection group and improves transmission efficiency.

Abstract: A method for sending a code block data stream includes adding m first data frames carrying the code block data stream to n physical layer data frames on an Ethernet physical interface. The method includes identifying a location of the first code block of each first data frame in the m first data frames using an alignment marker of a physical layer data frame in the n physical layer data frames. The method includes sending the n physical layer data frames, where m and n are integers greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: Provided herein are functionalized pegylated cyanine compounds containing a reactive group suitable for labeling a biomolecule or pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. In one embodiment, the compounds are based on formula I shown below. In other embodiments, the compounds can be pegylated at one or more of the following locations R1, R4, R6, R9, or L.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a communications method and a communications device, so that multiple service signals can be borne in a same bearing area of a same Ethernet PCS lane. Therefore, it is implemented that multiple types of service signals share an Ethernet channel, so that the multiple types of service signals can share a link resource and an interface module resource. This provides a basis for convergence and integration of devices in a multi-technology system, and can improve utilization of link resources and reduce a quantity, a footprint, power consumption, maintenance costs, and the like of devices in a metropolitan area network.

Abstract: Provided herein are functionalized pegylated cyanine compounds containing a reactive group suitable for labeling a biomolecule or pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. In one embodiment, the compounds are based on formula I shown below. In other embodiments, the compounds can be pegylated at one or more of the following locations R1, R4, R6, R9, or L.