Abstract: Disclosed herein are testing apparatuses for testing stresses in substrates. The testing apparatus includes a base, a first plate coupled to the base, the first plate being movable relative to the base along a first axis, a second plate coupled to the base, the second plate being movable relative to the base and relative to the first plate along a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis, a first actuator operable to move the first plate along the first axis towards or away from the second plate, a second actuator operable to move the second plate along the second axis relative to the first plate, and a controller operatively connected to the first actuator and the second actuator operable to control movement of the first plate and the second plate.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an element that is capable of acting as both an optical polarizer and an optical attenuator, thus integrating both functions into a single element. The element comprises a monolithic or one piece glass polarizer (herein also call the “substrate”), a multilayer “light attenuation or light attenuating” (“LA”) coating that has been optimized for use at selected wavelengths and attenuations deposited on at least one polarizer facial surface, and a multilayer anti-reflective (AR) coating on top of the LA coating. The disclosure is further directed to an integrated optical isolator/attenuator comprising a first and a second polarizing elements and a Faraday rotator for rotating light positioned after the first polarizing element and before the second polarizing element, the integrated optical isolator/attenuator both polarizing and attenuation a light beam from a light source.

Abstract: A polarization dependent isolator includes a Faraday element, a linear polarizer positioned at a first end of the Faraday element to polarize light entering the first end of the Faraday element, and a single polarization fiber positioned at a second end of the Faraday element to receive light emerging from the second end of the Faraday element. A laser module includes a semiconductor laser diode, a Faraday element positioned adjacent the semiconductor laser diode, a linear polarizer positioned at a first end of the Faraday element nearest to the semiconductor laser diode to polarizer light passing from the laser diode to the first end of the Faraday element, and a single polarization fiber positioned at a second end of the Faraday element furthest from the semiconductor laser diode to receive light emerging from the second end of the Faraday element, wherein the single polarization fiber also serves as coupling output fiber for the laser module.

Abstract: A collimator for use at multiple wavelengths includes an optical fiber and a gradient index lens positioned at a constant distance with respect to an end of the optical fiber. The gradient index lens has a chromatic aberration at a selected pitch less than 0.01 over a selected range of the infrared spectral region.

Abstract: A collimator for use at multiple wavelengths includes an optical fiber and a gradient index lens positioned at a constant distance with respect to an end of the optical fiber. The gradient index lens has a chromatic aberration at a selected pitch less than 0.01 over a selected range of the infrared spectral region.