Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus, such as a user equipment, configured at least to process a measurement instruction received in the apparatus from a cellular communication system, based on the measurement instruction, measure a received signal strength of a signal from each cell of a first cell set and each cell of a second cell set, the first cell set and the second cell set comprising cells of the cellular communication system, and determine a first signal strength value for the first cell set and a second signal strength value for the second cell set, and report to the cellular communication system a value obtained from the first signal strength value and the second signal strength value.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for determining a time window during which system information blocks containing satellite assistance information should be read in order for the apparatus to reliably maintain up-to-date satellite assistance information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for selecting system information blocks containing satellite assistance information to be read such that up-to-date satellite assistance information in order for the apparatus to maintain up to date satellite assistance information. The apparatus and method take account of the discontinuous mode of operation of the apparatus and seek to align the selected system information blocks with the operational times of the apparatus. The apparatus and method also seek to preferentially select the system information blocks closest to the end of the valid time period for the current satellite assistance information.

Abstract: A technique including: determining at a user equipment that a current non-terrestrial cell belonging to a network has become unavailable to the user equipment; and determining whether to initiate a cell search based on at least information at the user equipment about timing of availability to the user equipment of one or more other non-terrestrial cells belonging to the network.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for communication in non-terrestrial networks are provided. Downlink transmissions are received (400) from one or more non-terrestrial nodes. Signal strengths and/or signal quality of the transmissions are measured (402) from the one or more non-terrestrial nodes. Transitions between line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight states regarding the one or more non-terrestrial nodes are determined (404). Locations of the one or more non-terrestrial nodes and the apparatus are determined (406) and elevation and azimuth angles to the one or more non-terrestrial nodes from the apparatus are calculated (408). A database of the line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight states is generated (410) as a function of elevation and azimuth angles and apparatus location and utilised (412) to determine expected line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight states for non-terrestrial nodes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for switching between platforms. In some example embodiment, there may be provided a method, which may include receiving, by a user equipment, a notification indicative of a switch from a first platform to a second platform; calculating, by the user equipment, a timing advance for use with the second platform; and accessing, by the user equipment, the second platform after the switch to the second platform, the accessing based on at least the calculated timing advance. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus may include identifying, by a network entity, at least one link change corresponding with at least one round trip time (RTT) change, and transmitting, by the network entity, at least one first indication of the at least one link change to at least one serving network entity. The at least one first indication is configured to cause the at least one serving network entity to transmit at least one second indication of the at least one RTT change to at least one user equipment.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for utilizing user equipment (UE) detection of radio state conditions. For example, certain embodiments may detect and utilize knowledge of periodic line-of-sight (LOS)/non-LOS (NLOS) radio state changes to improve a network's handling of such radio states. In particular, a UE may be configured to observe LOS/NLOS radio state transitions over time. The UE may generate an estimate of when periodic radio state changes have occurred. The UE may report a prediction of a future LOS/NLOS radio state change based on the estimates of when the previous radio state changes have occurred. The predictions may be reported to the network as a measurement report.

Abstract: Aspects and embodiments relate to an apparatus and method for evaluating location of a terrestrial network node in a non-terrestrial network. In particular, one aspect provides an apparatus, comprising means for receiving an indication of propagation delay between a terrestrial network node and a non-terrestrial node in a non-terrestrial wireless communication network; means for receiving an indication of location of the non-terrestrial node; and means for evaluating location of the terrestrial network node in dependence upon the received indication of propagation delay between the terrestrial network node and the non-terrestrial node, and the indication of location of the non-terrestrial node. A further aspect provides a method of evaluating location of a terrestrial network node, and a computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform that method.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for communication in non-terrestrial networks are provided. Downlink transmission from a satellite node is received (300). Pathloss of uplink transmission to the satellite node is estimated (302). Based on the path loss, it is determined (304) whether uplink transmission of the apparatus can reach the satellite node and uplink transmission suspended (306) if determination indicates that the transmission will not reach the node.

Abstract: An apparatus, comprising: means for receiving configured to acquire non-terrestrial network connection assistance information related to non-terrestrial network entities providing non-terrestrial network cells providing coverage to the apparatus; and means for transmitting configured to transmit at least the non-terrestrial network connection assistance information to user equipment within transmission range of the means for transmitting.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program for aiding identification of a target of a response to a request. The apparatus comprises means for generating the request. Means for determining a timing advance to be applied to a predetermined time of transmission of the request in order for the request to reach a destination at the predetermined time. Means for transmitting the request signal towards the to destination. Means for receiving a response, the response comprising a timing advance indication, the timing advance indication indicating a difference in time between receipt of the request signal and the predetermined time. Means for determining from the timing advance indication and the determined timing advance whether the received response is a response to the request.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a client device comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least ne processor, cause the client device to: detect need for random access, random access, in a non-terrestrial network to a target cell of the non-terrestrial network; identify whether the needed random access is intra-satellite or inter-satellite; in response to the needed random access being intra-satellite, perform a first random access procedure, wherein, in the first random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in a single message; and in response to the needed random access being inter-satellite, perform a second random access procedure wherein, in the second random access procedure, the client device transmits a random access preamble and a payload data in separate messages.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising, embedding information for time synchronization to a SSB, encrypting the SSB and transmitting in a cellular communication network the encrypted SSB comprising the information for time synchronization.