Abstract: In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: set from one edge against a surface location, detect that the one edge of the apparatus is against the surface location, and cause an angle of the apparatus towards a base station to be measured, wherein the angle is used to determine surface location for an antenna installation.

Abstract: In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method, comprising receiving in an apparatus a first message from a second apparatus located in a different domain as the apparatus, the first message comprising a logical name of the second apparatus and a first global address, receiving a second message from a third apparatus, the second message comprising a second global address, and determining whether the first and second global addresses are the same address, or where the first and second global addresses are IPv6 addresses, whether they belong to the same network, and responsive to the first and second global addresses being the same address, or in the case of IPv6 belonging to the same network, causing transmission of information comprising at least one of a logical name and a local address of the second apparatus to the third apparatus.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processing core, cause the apparatus at least to offer a network-based service, determine whether the apparatus is reachable from a public network, responsive to determining the apparatus is not reachable from the public network, establish a tunnel connection with a relay server, and participate in a cryptographic handshake with a network node, wherein packets comprised in the handshake are communicated via the tunnel connection

Abstract: In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method, comprising receiving in an apparatus a first message from a second apparatus located in a different domain as the apparatus, the first message comprising a logical name of the second apparatus and a first global address, receiving a second message from a third apparatus, the second message comprising a second global address, and determining whether the first and second global addresses are the same address, or where the first and second global addresses are IPv6 addresses, whether they belong to the same network, and responsive to the first and second global addresses being the same address, or in the case of IPv6 belonging to the same network, causing transmission of information comprising at least one of a logical name and a local address of the second apparatus to the third apparatus.

Abstract: A method for billing in a packet data network (WISP1) comprising at least one user's terminal (MN), comprising the steps of: forming a data link between the terminal and the packet data network; requesting a user identity from the terminal; generating billing data based on the user identity; and sending the billing data to an accounting server (HAAA) of an external telecommunications network.

Abstract: Authentication method for authenticating a mobile node to a packet data network, in which a shared secret for both the mobile node and the packet data network is arranged by using a shared secret of the mobile node and a telecommunications network authentication centre. In the method, the mobile node sends its subscriber identity to the packet data network together with a replay attack protector. The packet data network obtains authentication triplets, forms a session key using them, and sends back to the mobile node challenges and a cryptographic authenticator made by using the session key. The mobile node can then form the rest of the authentication triplets using the challenges and then form the session key. With the session key, the mobile node can check the validity of the cryptographic authenticator. If the authenticator is correct, the mobile node sends a cryptographic response formed using the session key to the packet data network for authenticating itself to the packet data network.

Abstract: A method for billing in a packet data network (WISP1) comprising at least one user's terminal (MN), comprising the steps of: forming a data link between the terminal and the packet data network; requesting a user identity from the terminal; generating billing data based on the user identity; and sending the billing data to an accounting server (HAAA) of an external telecommunications network.

Abstract: A method for billing in a packet data network (WISP1) comprising at least one user's terminal (MN), comprising the steps of: forming a data link between the terminal and the packet data network; requesting a user identity from the terminal; generating billing data based on the user identity; and sending the billing data to an accounting server (HAAA) of an external telecommunications network.

Abstract: Authentication method for authenticating a mobile node to a packet data network, in which a shared secret for both the mobile node and the packet data network is arranged by using a shared secret of the mobile node and a telecommunications network authentication centre. In the method, the mobile node sends its subscriber identity to the packet data network together with a replay attack protector. The packet data network obtains authentication triplets, forms a session key using them, and sends back to the mobile node challenges and a cryptographic authenticator made by using the session key. The mobile node can then form the rest of the authentication triplets using the challenges and then form the session key. With the session key, the mobile node can check the validity of the cryptographic authenticator. If the authenticator is correct, the mobile node sends a cryptographic response formed using the session key to the packet data network for authenticating itself to the packet data network.

Abstract: Authentication method for authenticating a mobile node to a packet data network, in which a shared secret for both the mobile node and the packet data network is arranged by using a shared secret of the mobile node and a telecommunications network authentication center. In the method, the mobile node sends its subscriber identity to the packet data network together with a replay attack protector. The packet data network obtains authentication triplets, forms a session key using them, and sends back to the mobile node challenges and a cryptographic authenticator made by using the session key. The mobile node can then form the rest of the authentication triplets using the challenges and then form the session key. With the session key, the mobile node can check the validity of the cryptographic authenticator. If the authenticator is correct, the mobile node sends a cryptographic response formed using the session key to the packet data network for authenticating itself to the packet data network.

Abstract: A method for billing in a packet data network (WISP1) comprising at least one user's terminal (MN), comprising the steps of: forming a data link between the terminal and the packet data network; requesting a user identity from the terminal; generating billing data based on the user identity; and sending the billing data to an accounting server (HAAA) of an external telecommunications network.

Abstract: Authentication method for authenticating a mobile node to a packet data network, in which a shared secret for both the mobile node and the packet data network is arranged by using a shared secret of the mobile node and a telecommunications network authentication center. In the method, the mobile node sends its subscriber identity to the packet data network together with a replay attack protector. The packet data network obtains authentication triplets, forms a session key using them, and sends back to the mobile node challenges and a cryptographic authenticator made by using the session key. The mobile node can then form the rest of the authentication triplets using the challenges and then form the session key. With the session key, the mobile node can check the validity of the cryptographic authenticator. If the authenticator is correct, the mobile node sends a cryptographic response formed using the session key to the packet data network for authenticating itself to the packet data network.