Abstract: To avoid or minimize the occurrence of cross streaks or current streaks on a substrate that is transported through an electrolytic bath and roughened electrochemically in it, the current density is regulated in the electrolyte between a first alternating or three-phase current electrode and the substrate in such a way that at the beginning of a roughening zone, the current density has a lesser value than within the roughening zone, in the transport direction of the substrate. Downstream of the first alternating or three-phase current electrode, either a further alternating current electrode or a further three-phase current electrode acts on the substrate. In a preferred embodiment, the first alternating or three-phase current electrode has a rounded outline, which is composed of a curved portion and adjoining it a straight portion.

Abstract: A positive-working, radiation-sensitive recording material capable of being used for the production of planographic printing plates, comprising: an aluminum support and a radiation-sensitive layer coated thereon, whereinthe aluminum support has been grained in nitric acid, then cleaned in sulfuric acid, anodized in sulfuric acid, and subsequently hydrophilized with a compound comprising at least one unit with a phosphonic acid or phosphonate group; andthe radiation-sensitive layer comprisesa) a radiation-sensitive 1,2-naphthoquinone-2-diazide-4- or -5-sulfonic acid ester of a polycondensate having phenolic hydroxy groups, said polycondensate being obtained by reacting a phenolic compound with an aldehyde or ketone,b) a novolak or a polycondensation product obtained by reacting a polyphenol with an aldehyde or ketone, as an alkali-soluble resin,c) a vinyl-type polymer comprising at least one unit having a lateral hydroxyphenyl group,d) a clathrate-forming compound,e) a low-molecular weight compound which compr

Abstract: With an infrared radiator, the surface temperature of which is kept constant during measurement, a measuring area on a material surface is thermally irradiated with oblique incidence of the rays. The temperature of the reflected thermal radiation is measured by an infrared thermometer, which is arranged above the measuring area in such a way that the reflected radiation falls into the area of coverage of the infrared thermometer. The entire measuring area of the material surface which lies in the field of coverage of the infrared thermometer must be thermally irradiated. The measured temperature variation of the reflected radiation in dependence on the surface condition of the material is stored in a comparison device. A set value for the desired surface condition is fed to this comparison device.

Abstract: With an infrared radiator, the surface temperature of which is kept constant during measurement, a measuring area on a roughened material surface is thermally irradiated with oblique incidence of the rays. The temperature of the reflected thermal radiation is measured by an infrared thermometer, which is arranged above the measuring area in such a way that the reflected radiation falls into the area of coverage of the infrared thermometer. The entire measuring area of the material surface which lies in the field of coverage of the infrared thermometer must be thermally irradiated. The measured temperature variation of the reflected radiation in dependence on the known surface roughness of the material is stored in a comparison device. This comparison device is fed a set value for the desired surface roughness.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a fluid to a moving carrier strip includes a distributor and a plurality of individual flow channels which together form a multi-jet nozzle. The individual flow channels in the form of capillary tubes are arranged at right angles to the distributor axis at equal distances along a longitudinal line parallel to the distributor axis. The capillary tubes protrude into an internal chamber of the distributor and the capillary tube located at each end of the longitudinal line protrudes further into the interior of the distributor than the other capillary tubes.

Abstract: A distributor tube has tube slots in its shell surface transversely of the inflow direction of a fluid into the distributor tube. A casing tube is enclosed by the distributor tube and is divided into flow chambers, each of which is bounded by two annular plates and connected to an inlet sector. A star-shaped volume flow divider is located on the inlet side of the distributor tube as a tube insert, which divides the introduced mass flow rate into partial flow rates for the flow chambers. In another embodiment, the distributor tube encloses a rotationally symmetric pressure distributor, whereby the fluid within the distributor tube encounters equal pressure in the radial and axial flow directions over the inlet length of the distributor tube.

Abstract: A distributor tube has tube slots in its shell surface transversely of the inflow direction of a fluid into the distributor tube. A casing tube is enclosed by the distributor tube and is divided into flow chambers, each of which is bounded by two annular plates and connected to an inlet sector. A star-shaped volume flow divider is located on the inlet side of the distributor tube as a tube insert, which divides the introduced mass flow rate into partial flow rates for the flow chambers. In another embodiment, the distributor tube encloses a rotationally symmetric pressure distributor, whereby the fluid within the distributor tube encounters equal pressure in the radial and axial flow directions over the inlet length of the distributor tube.

Abstract: A process for drying a liquid layer which has been applied to a carrier material moving through a drying zone and which contains vaporizable solvent components and non-vaporizable components, wherein a drying gas flows in the longitudinal direction of the carrier material parallel to the liquid layer and is accelerated in the drying zone in the direction of flow, is disclosed. Also disclosed is a device for accomplishing the drying process, comprising a drying channel through which the carrier material bearing the liquid layer runs in the longitudinal direction, and a gas-permeable channel-covering surface, through which the gas stream flows into the drying channel.

Abstract: Aqueous functional fluids, in particular hydraulic and metal-working fluids, containing a copolymer which is prepared by emulsion or solution copolymerization, initiated by free radicals, of unsaturated, copolymerizable monomers, the copolymers being built up from:(a) 1-60% by weight of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids,(b) 0.5-30% by weight of a surface-active unsaturated ester,(c) 30-85% by weight of methacrylic acid esters or acrylic acid esters of aliphatic (C.sub.1 -C.sub.18)-alcohols,(d) 0-40% by weight of other ethylenically unsaturated comonomers,(e) 0-3% by weight of polyethylenically unsaturated compounds, and(f) 0-5% by weight of molecular weight regulators, and, if appropriate, the free acid groups of the copolymers subsequently having been partly or completely neutralized by addition of bases, and converted into water-soluble or colloidally water-dispersible copolymer salts.

Abstract: Aqueous functional fluids, in particular hydraulic and metal-working fluids, containing a copolymer which is prepared by emulsion or solution copolymerization, initiated by free radicals, of unsaturated, copolymerizable monomers, the copolymers being built up from:(a) 1-60% by weight of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids,(b) 0.5-30% by weight of a surface-active unsaturated ester,(c) 30-85% by weight of methacrylic acid esters or acrylic acid esters of aliphatic (C.sub.1 -C.sub.18)-alcohols,(d) 0-40% by weight of other ethylenically unsaturated comonomers,(e) 0-3% by weight of polyethylenically unsaturated compounds, and(f) 0-5% by weight of molecular weight regulators, and, if appropriate, the free acid groups of the copolymers subsequently having been partly or completely neutralized by addition of bases, and converted into water-soluble or colloidally water-dispersible copolymer salts.

Abstract: High polymer solutions having an extremely increased drag, which are characterized in that they contain additionally one or several completely soluble or miscible compounds, that have a molecular weight of less than 500,000 and increase the viscosity of the high polymer solution to a value of 10.sup.5 Pa.s.

Abstract: Method of controlling the mobility of aqueous flows through fissures, slits or pores, in particular of flooding waters in tertiary production of crude oil, wherein cationic surfactants which, on measurement of the electric birefringence with a pulsed rectangular electrical field in pure aqueous solutions, give a measurement signal, from the decrease of which a relaxation time of 0.01 .mu.s to 10 ms, in particular of 0.1 .mu.s to 2 ms, results, are added to the aqueous medium. Preferred suitable cationic compounds are those of the general formulaR.sub.1 --K.sup.+ A.sup.-in which R.sub.1 denotes C.sub.12 -C.sub.26 -alkyl or C.sub.12 -C.sub.26 -alkenyl, K.sup.+ denotes a group of the formula ##STR1## R.sub.2 denotes C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, preferably methyl, R'.sub.2 denotes C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, preferably methyl, R".sub.2 denotes C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, preferably methyl, or R".sub.2 denotes (CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.x H, where x denotes from 1 to 3, preferably 1 to 2, and A.sup.