Abstract: A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) has first and second electrical contacts, and an optical resonator. The optical resonator has first and second distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), an active layer, a distributed heterojunction bipolar phototransistor (DHBP), and an optical guide. The DHBP has a collector layer, light sensitive layer; a base layer; and an emitter layer. There is an optical coupling between the active layer and the DHBP for providing an active carrier confinement by the DHBP. The optical guide guides an optical mode within the optical resonator during operation. The optical guide is outside a current flow which can be provided by the first and second electrical contacts during operation of the VCSEL. The optical guide is outside a layer sequence between the first and second electrical contacts in the vertical direction of the VCSEL. The optical guide has an oxide aperture arranged in the second DBR.

Abstract: A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) has first and second electrical contacts, and an optical resonator. The optical resonator has first and second distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), an active layer, a distributed heterojunction bipolar phototransistor (DHBP), and an optical guide. The DHBP has a collector layer, light sensitive layer; a base layer; and an emitter layer. There is an optical coupling between the active layer and the DHBP for providing an active carrier confinement by the DHBP. The optical guide guides an optical mode within the optical resonator during operation. The optical guide is outside a current flow which can be provided by the first and second electrical contacts during operation of the VCSEL. The optical guide is outside a layer sequence between the first and second electrical contacts in the vertical direction of the VCSEL. The optical guide has an oxide aperture arranged in the second DBR.