Abstract: A method for producing a mixture of ethylene and carbon monoxide by contacting ethane and an oxygen source with a catalyst comprising iron oxide supported on an inorganic material to produce ethylene and carbon monoxide. A method for producing an alkyl propionate by steps of: (a) contacting ethane and an oxygen source at a temperature of at least 600° C. to produce ethylene; (b) contacting an alcohol, ethylene and carbon monoxide with an ethylene carbonylation catalyst to produce the alkyl propionate; and (c) separating the alkyl propionate from byproducts and starting materials. The method further comprises condensing the alkyl propionate with formaldehyde to produce an alkyl methacrylate.

Abstract: A method for purification of crude glycerol, especially crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production using alkaline catalysts. The method comprises combining the crude glycerol with acid, separating a glycerol layer, and treating the glycerol layer to decolorize it.

Abstract: A method for heterogeneous catalysis of organic reactions having at least one reactant and a product; said method comprising steps of: (a) providing a catalyst comprising a gel-type acidic ion exchange resin; and (b) contacting said catalyst with said at least one reactant; wherein said organic reaction is selected from among esterification, alkene addition or isomerization, Friedel-Crafts acylation, alcohol or alkene carbonylation, nitration, and Ritter reaction.

Abstract: A method for esterification of free fatty acids in triglycerides, with C1-C8 aliphatic alcohols. The method uses an acidic ion exchange resin as a catalyst. The catalyst is contacted with a reaction mixture containing a triglyceride having at least 1% free fatty acids and a C1-C8 aliphatic alcohol under conditions suitable for esterification.

Abstract: A method for transesterification of triglycerides, especially those containing free fatty acids, with methanol. The method uses a catalyst derived from an acidic ion exchange resin. The catalyst is contacted with a reaction mixture containing a triglyceride and methanol under conditions suitable for transesterification.

Abstract: A composition containing a petroleum hydrocarbon, a biodiesel fuel or an ethanol fuel, and an organic marker compound.

Abstract: A method for marking a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon. The method comprises adding to the liquid petroleum hydrocarbon a pyrazinoporphyrazine dye having an absorption maximum from 700 nm to 900 nm.

Abstract: A composition containing: (a) 0.001% to 20% of at least one compound represented by formula (II), wherein R5 is C1–C70 difunctional alkyl or C6–C14 difunctional aryl, and R3and R4 independently are hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclic, aryl or aralkyl groups; and (b) crude oil. In addition to dispersing asphaltenes, the composition of the present invention typically also increases demulsibility, reduces viscosity, reduces sediment formation, reduces surface fouling and reduces corrosion.

Abstract: A wax containing the reaction product of: (a) a C6–C12 linear dicarboxylic acid; and (b) a diamine of formula H2N(CH2)nNH2, wherein n is an integer from 2 to 6, and the molar ratio of the C6–C12 linear dicarboxylic acid to the diamine is from 0.97 to 1.06.

Abstract: A composition comprising: (a) 0.

Abstract: A wax containing the reaction product of (a) 30% to 45% of a C6-C12 linear dicarboxylic acid; (b) 40% to 60% of a C10-C22 monocarboxylic acid; and (c) 12% to 20% of a diamine of formula H2N(CH2)nNH2, wherein n is an integer from 2 to 6.

Abstract: A wax containing the reaction product of (a) a C6-C12 linear dicarboxylic acid; and (b) a diamine of formula H2N(CH2)nNH2, wherein n is an integer from 2 to 6, and the molar ratio of the C6-C12 linear dicarboxylic acid to the diamine is from 0.97 to 1.06.

Abstract: A method for marking a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon. The method comprises adding to the liquid petroleum hydrocarbon a pyrazinoporphyrazine dye having an absorption maximum from 700 nm to 900 nm.

Abstract: An oil-soluble lubricant additive composition comprising: (a) at least one compound of formula I:  wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl; or R1 and R2, or R3 and R4, combine with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form an alkyl or alkenyl ring; and (b) an acid having the formula RCO2H, wherein R is C1-C25 alkyl, C2-C25 alkenyl, C2-C25 alkynyl, C5-C25 aryl or C5-C25 aralkyl.

Abstract: A compound of formula I: 1

Abstract: An oil-soluble lubricant additive composition comprising:

Abstract: Novel amine-chelate complexes are useful in significantly reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oils, facilitating the recovery and transportation of such heavy crude oils. The amine-chelate complexes are formed by heating together an organic amine with a chelating agent.