Abstract: A liquid treatment system has a liquid inlet, a liquid storage system, a filter, an inline ultraviolet (UV) reactor, and a liquid outlet. The liquid inlet receives a liquid. The filter removes a contaminant from the liquid. The inline UV reactor mitigates impurities in the liquid. The liquid storage system, the filter, and the inline UV reactor form a liquid channel between the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet. The liquid outlet is downstream from the liquid inlet. The inline UV reactor and the filter are downstream of the liquid storage system.

Abstract: A liquid treatment system has a nozzle body comprised of a semi-translucent material. The nozzle body has a side wall and a tip forming an inner chamber and an outer surface. The side wall thickness and tip thickness are a function of an anti-microbial light intensity range of the outer surface of the nozzle body. The liquid treatment system also has a light circuit coupled to the side wall. The light circuit emits an anti-microbial light toward the inner chamber.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a fluid is treated by flowing the fluid through a flow cell having (i) a fluid entry, (ii) a fluid exit, (iii) a treatment region disposed between the fluid entry and exit, and (iv) an interior surface reflective to ultraviolet (UV) light, and diffusively reflecting UV light emitted from one or more UV light sources to illuminate the treatment region substantially uniformly, thereby treating the fluid.

Abstract: A two-stage vaporizer includes two vaporizing stages joined by a vaporization chamber located gravitationally below the first vaporizing stage and gravitationally above the second vaporizing stage. A separator covering an outlet within the vaporization chamber allows vaporized precursor from both vaporizing stages to pass through the outlet to chemical vapor deposition system and prevents any remaining liquid precursor from passing through the outlet. The liquid precursor is premixed with carrier gas just prior to entry into the vaporizer. Additional flows of carrier gas pass through the two vaporizing stages in opposite directions to carry the vaporized precursor to the outlet.

Abstract: A two-stage vaporizer includes two vaporizing stages joined by a vaporization chamber located gravitationally below the first vaporizing stage and gravitationally above the second vaporizing stage. A separator covering an outlet within the vaporization chamber allows vaporized precursor from both vaporizing stages to pass through the outlet to chemical vapor deposition system and prevents any remaining liquid precursor from passing through the outlet. The liquid precursor is premixed with carrier gas just prior to entry into the vaporizer. Additional flows of carrier gas pass through the two vaporizing stages in opposite directions to carry the vaporized precursor to the outlet.