Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to compositions, methods, and system for utilizing paraxanthine alone and in combination for use in enhancing immune function and/or inhibiting inflammation through administration of a paraxanthine-containing composition to a subject. More particularly, the disclosure relates to paraxanthine and other compounds, whether produced synthetically or derived from natural sources, and use of these compounds to provide physiological benefits, which may vary according to paraxanthine concentration and the presence of synergists and antagonists.

Abstract: Paraxanthine-based compositions for muscle enhancement. Paraxanthine-based compositions for enhancing nitrogen signaling. Paraxanthine-based compositions for enhancing muscle glycogen.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, and methods relate to compositions for human consumption and comprising paraxanthine and a cholinergic agent and/or theanine. The disclosed compositions are useful promoting cognitive function, energy, athletic performance and providing neuroprotective anti-oxidative effects.

Abstract: Described herein are compositions for reducing body weight, reducing body fat, improving body composition and/or preventing obesity and related conditions. In certain aspects, the compositions comprise dileucine, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises dileucine and leucine. In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 10% to 90% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 20% to 80% (w/w). In further aspects, wherein the dileucine is present from about 30% to 70% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 40% to 60% (w/w).

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises paraxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of paraxanthine. Uses for the paraxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a method of increasing plasma dileucine levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising leucine. In certain embodiments, the composition does not comprise dileucine. In certain embodiments, the amount of increase in plasma dileucine is greater than that resulting from administering a protein supplement comprising a comparable amount of leucine. In certain implementations, administration of the composition results in an increase in plasma dileucine that is from about 10% to about 50% greater than from administering a protein supplement comprising a comparable amount of leucine.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises a combination of paraxanthine and tyrosine and/or taurine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of a combination of paraxanthine and tyrosine and/taurine. Further disclosed are methods of use of the foregoing compositions for improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions methods relate to a dietary supplement for subjects with slow caffeine metabolism and comprises paraxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of paraxanthine. Uses for the paraxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite in a slow caffeine metabolizer subject.

Abstract: Methods of use and compositions comprising a source of glucosamine are disclosed. The administration of the compositions provides for favorable trends towards improvements in gastrointestinal functional outcomes. The use of the glucosamine compositions increases nitrogen retention, as well as prevent, eliminate, and/or reduce bacterial diversity within the gastrointestinal microbiome. The source of glucosamine may be non-shellfish derived, and provide significant improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms such as, stomach bloating, constipation, and hard stools.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is method for increasing vitamin B12 levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising: at least one strain of bacteria wherein the at least one strain of bacteria comprises Propionibacterium freudenreichii UF (UF1). In certain embodiments, the UF1 is probiotic. In certain implementations, the administration of the composition increases the subject's serum B12 levels by at least about 10% relative to the subject's serum B12 level prior to administration of the composition. In further embodiments, the administration of the composition confers at least on benefit on the subject selected from; an increase in serum levels of at least one of vitamin B2, B5, B6, B9, and/or B12; an increase in at least one of tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine; increased propionic acid, immune system modulation and/or augmentation, regulation of TH17 cells; and/or reduction in pro-inflammatory metabolites.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises 1-methylxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of 1-methylxanthine. Uses for the 1-methylxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for increasing video game performance in a subject by administering to the subject with a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg. Further disclosed herein is a method for enhancing mood of a subject during electronic gameplay or preventing decrease in mood of a subject during electronic game play comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, administration of the composition to the subject decreases, or prevents the increase of, one or more of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and/or confusion in the subject during electronic game play relative to a subject who has not been administered the composition.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for attenuating stress-induced mental fatigue in subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In further embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 50 mg to about 400 mg. According to certain embodiments, fatigue attenuated by the instantly disclosed method is a result of physical stress on the subject. Physical stresses that may result in mental fatigue include, but are not limited to, periods of intense exercise.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for promoting weight loss in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In further aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 50 mg to about 400 mg. According to certain embodiments, weight loss is promoted through inducing thermogenesis in the subject. In further embodiments, weight loss is promoted through enhancing lipolysis in the subject. According to certain implementations, administration of the composition to the subject decreases the respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of treatment and prevention for trauma-related brain injury are disclosed herein. In certain aspects, disclosed is a method for preventing, alleviating or treating trauma-related brain injury in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.

Abstract: The disclosed are shelf-stable beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid containing soft gel compositions and methods for making such compositions. In certain aspects, disclosed compositions comprise a plant-based capsule shell and a liquid formulation comprising beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid and at least one excipient, wherein the soft gel capsule is shelf-stable. In certain aspects, the excipient is selected from selected from choline salt, betaine, phosphatidylcholine, alpha-glycerophosphocholine, carnitine, adenosine 5?-triphosphate, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to nutritional supplements comprising rice protein isolate. Some embodiments of the nutritional supplement comprise less than about 90 mg of leucine per gram of rice protein isolate and less than about 50 mg of lysine per gram of rice protein isolate. Some embodiments pertain to methods of using the nutritional supplements described herein to achieve one or more of weight gain, weight maintenance, growth, muscle growth, muscle maintenance, decreased muscle loss, or improved exercise training results.

Abstract: The disclosed are shelf-stable beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid containing soft gel compositions and methods for making such compositions. In certain aspects, disclosed compositions comprise a plant-based capsule shell and a liquid formulation comprising beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid and at least one excipient, wherein the soft gel capsule is shelf-stable. In certain aspects, the excipient is selected from selected from choline salt, betaine, phosphatidylcholine, alpha-glycerophosphocholine, carnitine, adenosine 5?-triphosphate, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Phosphatidic acid is administered orally to increase muscle mass and strength in exercising mammals. Phosphatidic acid is administered orally to aging, bedridden or cachectic patients to improve nitrogen balance. The preferred form of phosphatidic acid for administration is phosphatidic acid-enriched lecithin. Creatine is co-administered orally to increase the muscle-building and strength effect. Other suggested additives include nutritional and herbal supplements, micronutrients and hormones.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to nutritional supplements comprising rice protein isolate. Some embodiments of the nutritional supplement comprise less than about 90 mg of leucine per gram of rice protein isolate and less than about 50 mg of lysine per gram of rice protein isolate. Some embodiments pertain to methods of using the nutritional supplements described herein to achieve one or more of weight gain, weight maintenance, growth, muscle growth, muscle maintenance, decreased muscle loss, or improved exercise training results.