Abstract: Composites comprising an exfoliated graphite support material having a degree of graphitization g in an range of 50 to 93%, obtained by XRD Rietveld analysis, which is coated with ZnO nanoparticles.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrolysis method comprising: applying a pulsed voltage or a pulsed current between an anode and a cathode; repeatedly measuring a respective current OCP at the cathode in a zero-current state relative to a reference system; and controlling the pulsed voltage or the pulsed current so a working potential of the cathode in the current-carrying state with respect to the reference system has a defined progression relative to the respective current OCP. The defined progression includes a first phase at a cathodic level and a second phase at an anodic level.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a catalyst measuring system for determining the aging of an SCR catalytic converter, the system comprising: a control device with a processor; an SCR catalytic converter for treating the exhaust gases of a vehicle; a high-frequency sensor for measuring a level of ammonia loading of the SCR catalytic converter; and an ammonia dosing system for injecting ammonia into an exhaust system of the vehicle. The control device instructs the ammonia dosing system to inject ammonia selectively into the exhaust system. The control device compares data measured by the high-frequency sensor with a predefined threshold value to determine the aging of the SCR catalytic converter.

Abstract: A method and a device for measuring nitrogen oxides in a gas stream. A functional layer in the sensor senses nitrogen oxides and a measurable physical variable of the functional layer changes in direct correlation with the concentration of nitrogen oxide molecules in the gas. The functional layer is made of a material that, when heated to a specific operating temperature and held at that temperature, maintains an equilibrium between storage and desorption of the nitrogen oxide molecules, and this eliminates the need for a regeneration phase, as is the case with a dosimeter. At the specified operating temperature, the gas sensor indicates a direct relationship between the measured variable and the concentration of the surrounding gas.

Abstract: Composites comprising an exfoliated graphite support material having a degree of graphitization g in an range of 50 to 93%, obtained by XRD Rietveld analysis, which is coated with ZnO nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a negative temperature coefficient resistor (NTCR) sensor, the method comprising the steps of: providing a mixture comprising uncalcined powder and a carrier gas in an aerosol-producing unit, with the uncalcined powder comprising metal oxide components; forming an aerosol from said mixture and said carrier gas and accelerating said aerosol in a vacuum towards a substrate arranged in a deposition chamber; forming a film of the uncalcined powder of said mixture on said substrate; and transforming the film into a layer of spinel-based material by applying a heat treatment step.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a catalyst measuring system for on-board diagnostics and for determining the aging of an SCR catalytic converter for a vehicle comprising: a processor; an SCR catalytic converter for purifying exhaust gas of the vehicle; a high-frequency sensor for determining the ammonia loading of the SCR catalytic converter; a NOx sensor for sensing the NOx concentration downstream of the SCR catalytic converter; and an ammonia dosing system for injecting ammonia into an exhaust system of the vehicle. The control device instructs the ammonia dosing system to inject ammonia selectively into the exhaust system at a plurality of different dosing rates. The control device evaluates data received from the NOx sensor and of the high-frequency sensor to calculate the ammonia dosing rate.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrolysis method comprising: applying a pulsed voltage or a pulsed current between an anode and a cathode; repeatedly measuring a respective current OCP at the cathode in a zero-current state relative to a reference system; and controlling the pulsed voltage or the pulsed current so a working potential of the cathode in the current-carrying state with respect to the reference system has a defined progression relative to the respective current OCP. The defined progression includes a first phase at a cathodic level and a second phase at an anodic level.

Abstract: A method for producing a galvanic element includes applying a first electrode to a substrate, applying a separator to the first electrode, and applying a second electrode to the separator. At least one of the electrodes is applied in the form of a composite electrode using an aerosol separation method.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a catalyst measuring system for determining the aging state of a catalytic converter comprising: an SCR catalytic converter; and a high-frequency measuring arrangement including a processor, a first antenna, and a second antenna. The first antenna is located upstream of the SCR catalytic converter in the exhaust tract and the second antenna is located downstream of the catalytic converter. The processor instructs the antennas to selectively emit and receive electromagnetic signals and evaluates the transmitted and the received electromagnetic signals to compare them with predefined threshold values. The processor determines an aging state of the SCR catalytic converter based on the comparison.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a catalyst measuring system for on-board diagnostics and for determining the aging of an SCR catalytic converter for a vehicle comprising: a processor; an SCR catalytic converter for purifying exhaust gas of the vehicle; a high-frequency sensor for determining the ammonia loading of the SCR catalytic converter; a NOx sensor for sensing the NOx concentration downstream of the SCR catalytic converter; and an ammonia dosing system for injecting ammonia into an exhaust system of the vehicle. The control device instructs the ammonia dosing system to inject ammonia selectively into the exhaust system at a plurality of different dosing rates. The control device evaluates data received from the NOx sensor and of the high-frequency sensor to calculate the ammonia dosing rate.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing an electro-optical and/or optoelectronic layer. In the method, the layer is formed with perovskite material of the composition ABX3 by cold gas spraying at least a starting material having the perovskite material. X is also formed with at least one halogen or a mixture of multiple halogens. In the method for producing an electro-optical or optoelectronic device with at least one electro-optical or optoelectronic layer, the at least one electro-optical or optoelectronic layer is formed with a perovskite material by the method. The device is, in particular, an electro-optical or optoelectronic device, such as an energy converter, a solar cell, a light diode, or an X-ray detector. The device has an electro-optical layer of this type.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for determining the state of aging of a catalytic converter (2). The disclosed method functions in a non-contacting manner as resonances formed when the catalytic converter (2) located in a housing is excited with high-frequency electromagnetic waves are analyzed.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting oxidizable gases may comprise a catalytically inactive surface and a catalytically active surface on opposite sides of a sensor element and a thermal element running through the sensor element to connect the two surfaces, with a device for measuring a thermoelectric voltage between the catalytically active surface and the inactive surface as a measure of the difference in temperature and therefore the gas concentration. The sensor may include a hot plate mounted on a base carrier by means of narrow arms, wherein the thermal element includes at least one via extending through the hot plate and connecting the two surfaces to one another, and in the region of which the thermoelectric voltage is measured.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting nitrogen oxides in a gas mixture may include at least two electrodes of the same material arranged on an oxygen ion conductor. When the gas sensor is operated, both electrodes come into contact with the gas mixture. The gas sensor is then heated from a first temperature to a second temperature. The second temperature of the gas sensor is maintained for a maximum of 15 minutes. The gas sensor is then cooled from the second temperature to the first temperature. During the heating, maintaining and/or cooling of the temperature, a cyclical polarisation is performed with alternating polarity including a polarisation voltage below the reduction voltage of the oxygen ion conductor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for determining the state of an exhaust-gas purification device. The exhaust-gas purification device is one which can store gas and/or particles. By means of the proposed process, it is for example possible for the loading state of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system, for example the oxygen storage state of a catalytic converter which is provided with an oxygen-storing material, such as for example a three-way catalytic converter, to be analyzed. The present process operates contactlessly through the analysis of resonances which arise upon the excitation of the catalytic converter using the purification device as microwave cavity resonator.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting nitrogen oxides in a gaseous mixture, including an oxygen ion conductor and at least two electrodes mounted on the oxygen ion conductor, the electrodes consisting of the same material, and wherein the gas sensor is designed so that during operation of the gas sensor both electrodes come into contact with the gaseous mixture.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting oxidizable gases may comprise a catalytically inactive surface and a catalytically active surface on opposite sides of a sensor element and a thermal element running through the sensor element to connect the two surfaces, with a device for measuring a thermoelectric voltage between the catalytically active surface and the inactive surface as a measure of the difference in temperature and therefore the gas concentration. The sensor may include a hot plate mounted on a base carrier by means of narrow arms, wherein the thermal element includes at least one via extending through the hot plate and connecting the two surfaces to one another, and in the region of which the thermoelectric voltage is measured.

Abstract: A method for producing a galvanic element includes applying a first electrode to a substrate, applying a separator to the first electrode, and applying a second electrode to the separator. At least one of the electrodes is applied in the form of a composite electrode using an aerosol separation method.

Abstract: A combined gas sensor includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first and second electrodes are connected via an ion-conducting material. The first electrode is covered, in part, by a first catalytically active material. Further, a resistive gas sensor formed by a third electrode is arranged such that the third electrode is in direct contact with the first catalytic material and is not in direct contact with the first electrode.