Abstract: A bumper crossmember comprising a wave structure oriented in the vertical direction (z direction), wherein the wave structure comprises at least three apex structures which extend in the bumper crossmember longitudinal direction and are adjacent in the vertical direction. This crossmember comprises a first length section that follows its longitudinal extent, at least one second length section that follows its longitudinal extent, and at least one transition section that is arranged respectively between these length sections. In the second length section, the wave structure is inverted with respect to the first length section, in that the opening direction of the apex structures switches in the transition section. In the transition section, there is at least one additional apex-forming structure, the apex of which is offset in the frontal direction (x direction) with respect to a frontal plane (yz-plane) in which at least two apex structures that are adjacent in the longitudinal sections lie.

Abstract: It is possible to generate a desirable form (soft, pliable) of sulfide inclusions in magnesium-treated case irons. Thermodynamically, MnS and MoS2 are not stable in the presence of magnesium. However, by adding magnesium to a cast iron melt containing manganese sulfide/molybdenium sulfide as late as possible, and preferably when the molten cast iron has been dispensed into the mould, such sulfide inclusions may be preserved in magnesium-treated cast iron. Alternatively, said cast iron can also be formed by adding said sulfides directly to the iron after the magnesium reaction has taken place and an in situ equillibrium has been established between magnesium, oxygen and sulfur. Another option is to begin with a sulfur content in excess of the stoichiometric amount required to combine with the added magnesium, thus ensuring an amount of left-over sulfur to promote the formation of the desired sulfide inclusion.

Abstract: It is possible to generate a desirable form (soft, pliable) of sulfide inclusions in magnesium-treated case irons. Thermodynamically, MnS and MoS2 are not stable in the presence of magnesium. However, by adding magnesium to a cast iron melt containing manganese sulfide/molybdenium sulfide as late as possible, and preferably when the molten cast iron has been dispensed into the mould, such sulfide inclusions may be preserved in magnesium-treated cast iron. Alternatively, said cast iron can also be formed by adding said sulfides directly to the iron after the magnesium reaction has taken place and an in situ equillibrium has been established between magnesium, oxygen and sulfur. Another option is to begin with a sulfur content in excess of the stoichiometric amount required to combine with the added magnesium, thus ensuring an amount of left-over sulfur to promote the formation of the desired sulfide inclusion.