Abstract: The present invention provides a process which is adapted for cyclodimerization of 1,3-butadiene to 4-vinylcyclohexene-1 under Diels-Alder conditions in the presence of a low acidity form of a large-pore zeolite such as ZSM-20, beta or Y.

Abstract: A novel shape selective metal catalyst can be prepared by incorporating a metallic catalyst component such as platinum, palladium, or nickel into a member of a novel class of zeolites, said zeolites characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 12 and a constraint index within the approximate range of 1 to 12, and then reducing the combined metal-zeolite in the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds with or without hydrogen at high temperatures.

Abstract: Halogen-substituted olefin addition compounds that contain a carbonyl group are formed by oxidatively adducting an olefin and a carbonyl compound such as a ketone, aldehyde, or ester. The method consists of reacting the olefin and the carbonyl component, in solution, with an oxidizing ion of manganese, cerium or vanadium in the presence of fluoride, chloride or bromide ion. This ionic component is incorporated in the adduct and appears on the olefin-derived carbon atom gamma to the carbonyl group. The gamma halogen substituted adducts are readily converted to cyclopropane derivatives, including pyrethroid intermediate compounds.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conducting selective acid catalyzed reactions involving olefins. Said catalytic reactions comprise isomerization, alkylation, addition, oligomerization, polymerization, aromatization, cracking and hydrocracking. The useful catalysts of this invention are the acidic forms of a novel class of zeolites characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 12 and a constraint index in the approximate range of greater than about 2 to about 12. By utilization of such zeolites, smaller olefins are preferentially reacted when in mixed streams with larger olefins. Further of the such smaller olefins, linear olefins are preferentially reacted when in mixed streams with non-linear olefins and lesser branched olefins are preferentially reacted when in mixed streams with more highly branched olefins.

Abstract: Improved hydrocarbon separation processes by the selective sorption properties of a novel class of zeolites are provided. The novel class of zeolites is characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio greater than 12 and a constraint index within the approximate range of greater than about 2 to about 12. The separations encompassed by this invention include paraffins from aromatics, olefins from aromatics, olefins from paraffins, linear paraffins from branched paraffins, linear olefins from branched olefins, methyl branched hydrocarbons from more highly branched hydrocarbons, higher molecular weight components from lower molecular weight components within an homologous series, n-paraffins or methylparaffins from cycloparaffins, n-alkyl or methyl alkyl substituted aromatics from more highly branched isomers, mixed paraffins from aromatics (dewaxing), and non-aromatic methyl-branched hydrocarbons from aromatics.

Abstract: Gamma-butyrolactones are formed by reacting an olefin with a compound containing a carboxylate moiety having at least one hydrogen atom on the alpha carbon atom in the presence of an ion of manganese, cerium, or vanadium, the ion being in a valency state higher than its lowest valency state.

Abstract: A process is provided for the concentration, separation and/or recovery of precious metals such as platinum and palladium via their soluble amine complexes from solutions by sorbing said complexes in one or more members of a novel class of zeolites. Said novel class of zeolites is characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 12 and a constraint index in the approximate range of greater than about 2 to about 12.

Abstract: Gamma-alkyl-gamma-butyrolactones having an alkyl substituent of at least 16 carbon atoms in length are reacted with amines or polyalkylenepolyamines, providing novel lactams useful as multifunctional agents in lubricants, fuels, coolants and other organic fluids.

Abstract: Gamma-butyrolactones are formed by reacting an olefin with a compound containing a carboxylate moiety having at least one hydrogen atom on the alpha carbon atom in the presence of an ion of manganese, cerium, or vanadium, the ion being in a valency state higher than its lowest valency state.

Abstract: An olefin is reacted with a source of X free radical in the presence of an ion of manganese, vanadium, or cerium having a valence higher than the lowest valence above the zero valent form of the metal to form derivatives of the olefin that contain one or more functional groups. The free radical X is one that is resistant to substantial oxidation by the ion or the metal and is obtained from ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, nitroparaffins, sulfoxides, thiosulfonic acid esters, alkanesulfonic acids, alkensulfinic acids, and thiols. Hexahydrobenzofuranone compounds are prepared by this reaction.

Abstract: Gamma-alkyl-gamma-butyrolactones having an alkyl substituent of at least 16 carbon atoms in length, preferably at least 25 carbon atoms, are formed by reacting a monoolefin with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a reducible metal ion of higher-valent form, such as the manganic ion, Mn.sup.+3. The resulting lactones are useful as antiwear agents and for improving the adherence of wax coatings of paper and, upon reaction with amines, polyalkylenepolyamines, for providing novel lactams and bislactams useful as multifunctional agents in lubricants, fuels, coolants and other organic fluids. Thus, the compounds of this invention are of the general structure ##STR1## the alkyl group being as defined above, X being oxygen, imino, alkylimino, polyalkylenepolyamino or lactam(polyalkylenepolyamino) and the dangling valences being hydrogen or lower alkyl (that is, no greater than 6 carbon atoms).

Abstract: This invention provides an improved process for reducing the pyritic sulfur content of coal, which process involves (1) contacting finely divided coal under sink-float separation conditions with a heavy organic parting medium which contains dissolved therein a dispersant quantity of a novel type of soluble sulfanilate ionic surfactant; and (2) separating a coal float phase from the liquid medium system, and recovering coal which has a lower sulfur and ash content than the untreated raw coal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed in which pyritic sulfur in coals is removed by treatment with aqueous solutions containing manganese, vanadium and cerium metal oxidants.

Abstract: An olefin is reacted with a source of X free radical in the presence of an ion of manganese, vanadium, or cerium having a valence higher than the lowest valence above the zero valent form of the metal to form derivatives of the olefin that contain one or more functional groups. The free radical X is one that is resistant to substantial oxidation by the ion of the metal and is obtained from ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, nitroparaffins, sulfoxides, thiosulfonic acid esters, alkanesulfonic acids, alkanesulfinic acids, and thiols.