Abstract: There is described a carbon material comprising sp2 and sp3 hybridised carbon. Also described is a method of making a carbon material the method comprising: exposing a substrate to a flux of at least 1011 carbon ions per cm2 of substrate per 1 ms, a majority of the carbon ions having a kinetic energy of at least 10 eV. Further, electrodes comprising the carbon material are described. The electrodes may operate as an anode in Li ion battery characterised with improved specific capacity and operation life-time.

Abstract: There is described a carbon material comprising sp2 and sp3 hybridised carbon. Also described is a method of making a carbon material the method comprising: exposing a substrate to a flux of at least 1011 carbon ions per cm2 of substrate per 1 ms, a majority of the carbon ions having a kinetic energy of at least 10 eV. Further, electrodes comprising the carbon material are described. The electrodes may operate as an anode in Li ion battery characterised with improved specific capacity and operation life-time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the desulfurisation of lead-containing waste. In particular, the present invention relates to a method in which lead-containing waste is desulfurised to form a desulfurised lead-containing waste material which is suitable for recycling into lead or leady oxide. The method is particularly suitable for desulfurising lead-acid battery paste.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the desulfurisation of lead-containing waste. In particular, the present invention relates to a method in which lead-containing waste is desulfurised to form a desulfurised lead-containing waste material which is suitable for recycling into lead or leady oxide. The method is particularly suitable for desulfurising lead-acid battery paste.

Abstract: A method for recycling lead-containing waste comprises: (a) dissolving the lead-containing waste in an aqueous solution of a first acid to form a solution of a first lead salt; (b) adding a second acid to the solution of the first lead salt to form a lead-depleted solution and a precipitate of a second lead salt; and (c) converting the precipitate of the second lead salt into leady oxide, wherein the first lead salt has a higher solubility in water than the second lead salt. The method may be used for recycling spent lead-acid battery paste.

Abstract: There is described a carbon material comprising sp2 and sp3 hybridised carbon. Also described is a method of making a carbon material the method comprising: exposing a substrate to a flux of at least 1011 carbon ions per cm2 of substrate per 1 ms, a majority of the carbon ions having a kinetic energy of at least 10 eV. Further, electrodes comprising the carbon material are described. The electrodes may operate as an anode in Li ion battery characterised with improved specific capacity and operation life-time.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of recycling lead from lead containing waste, the method comprising the steps of mixing the battery paste with aqueous citric acid solution so as to generate lead citrate; isolating lead citrate from the aqueous solution; and converting the lead citrate to lead and/or lead oxide.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of recycling lead from lead containing waste, the method comprising the steps of mixing the battery paste with aqueous citric acid solution so as to generate lead citrate; isolating lead citrate from the aqueous solution; and converting the lead citrate to lead and/or lead oxide.

Abstract: The subject method and apparatus pertains to the accurate determination of a composition of gases, over a very wide range of compositions. The subject invention can utilize an ionic electrolyte (1), which separates gases of different compositions, a source of potential difference (2) which is applied across the ionic electrolyte, means for reversing the current, and means (3) for measuring the respective currents. The ratio of currents is a function of the ratio of the gas compositions on opposite sides of the electrolyte. By varying the applied potential, the sensitivity of the apparatus can be increased.