Abstract: The quest for making pure boron has been continuing for over 200 years. Most common method has been by hydrogen reduction of boron halides on a hot filament, and this has not been an economical approach. Other techniques using magnesiothermic reduction or electrolysis of oxide compounds of boron produced impure boron. Present invention describes techniques of making pure boron in the amorphous as well as crystalline form—applying thermochemical principles in an efficient manner. The present invention shows that boron halides can be reduced by alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum or silicon, as well as by alkaline earth borides, aluminum borides, silicon borides into pure elemental boron.

Abstract: A reactor system that includes a reactor nozzle for use with a reactor vessel and process for its use for producing sodium metal, by a reaction of an alkali hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide, as a reactant, with methane gas as a reductant, at high heat.

Abstract: Metal substrates with a protective coating are provided, the coating being formed of a varnish-bonded, carbon-containing layer adherently bonded to the metal substrate. Optionally, the coating may also contain a dispersion of finely divided material selected from the group consisting of certain metal oxides and carbonates.

Abstract: Magnesium and magnesium alloy castings are produced using porous, calcined plaster of Paris molds by filling the mold cavity and the pores communicating therewith with a pressurized inhibitor gas comprising sulfur hexafluoride and monitoring temperature conditions during cooling of the cast metal using a thermocouple placed in the mold close to the sprue whereby, in the event of an exotherm as indicated by non-decreasing temperature, the mold may be broken to prevent an explosion.

Abstract: Varnish-bonded, carbon-coated metal granules are provided, the metal granules being preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminum and alloys thereof. The coating may optionally contain at least one calcium compound, e.g., at least one calcium compound selected from the group consisting of CaO, CaCO.sub.3, CaC.sub.2, CaSiO.sub.3, CaSi.sub.2, CaAl.sub.2 O.sub.4, portland cement and CaF.sub.2.

Abstract: An electrolytic process is provided for the recovery of lithium values from a molten salt bath containing MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, NaCl, KCl and LiCl. The salt composition in the molten state is subjected to the sequential depletion by electrolysis of the elements Mg, Ca, Na, respectively, either in substantially the elemental form or as an alloy thereof under multistage operating conditions to provide a depleted salt composition comprised substantially of the binary LiCl-KCl from which lithium is subsequently recovered by electrolysis as lithium per se or an alloy of Al/Li.

Abstract: A process is provided wherein metal granules coated with a polymerizable oil are heated, while being mechanically mixed, to a polymerizing temperature to convert the oil coating to a varnish and the varnish coating thereafter heated to a higher temperature to decompose at least partially the varnish to carbon, thereby producing a carbon coating strongly bonded to the metal granules. The temperatures employed are below the melting point of the metal granules. The coating is preferably applied to magnesium, aluminum or alloys thereof for use as addition agents in steel, e.g., desulfurizing or deoxidizing agents, and may contain fine particles of at least one calcium compound.

Abstract: Directed to the electrolytic purification of molten magnesium chloride cell feed and to a covered cell design therefor wherein preferably a plurality of bipolar electrodes are employed. A current density of about 0.8 to about 1.5 amperes per square inch D.C. is employed, flow of the electrolyte through the cell proceeds in a non-turbulent manner through flow passages in the electrodes, and the solid impurities deposited electrolytically are removed periodically by mechanical action.

Abstract: A method is provided for coating magnesium granules with a fluoride-containing salt comprising contacting the granules with at least one fluoride-containing salt selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metal fluorides and fluoborates and thereby produce a fluoride-containing coating on the surface of the granules. The coating is characterized in that the oxidation of the magnesium granules is greatly inhibited during the use of the granules as an addition agent to a molten metal bath, for example, when used in the desulfurization of steel.

Abstract: A desulfurizing agent is provided comprising magnesium granules having a surface consisting essentially of a fluoride-containing salt.

Abstract: The invention provides an article of manufacture comprising magnesium granules characterized by a surface coating of at least one anti-caking agent selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium and aluminum stearate.

Abstract: Boron and calcium are removed from brines with use of a mixture of from about 0.8 to 15 volume percent of an .alpha.-hydroxy oxime extractant having the general formula: ##STR1## where R and R' are hydrocarbon radicals and R" is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, from 0 to 10 volume percent of a 7 to 12 carbon alcohol, balance diluent.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for use in a molten salt cell having a corrosive environment of high temperature chlorine gas and a molten bath of magnesium chloride and other salts includes a tapered metal core and is water cooled.

Abstract: Magnesium oxide is chlorinated in molten impure magnesium chlorine with chlorine gas by adding ferrous chloride to magnesium chloride brine, drying the brine, adding a mixture of calcined petroleum coke and charcoal to the dried brine, melting the product and chlorinating the formed melt. Ferrous chloride is added in amounts sufficient to provide from about 1.0% to 2.2% by weight of iron in the dried product. A highly reactive carbon source is added in amounts of from about 0.8 to 2.3% by weight and a carbon source that is less reactive than the highly reactive carbon source is added in amounts ranging from about 0.8 to 2.3% by weight of dried brine. Iron levels in the magnesium chloride melt may be adjusted upwardly by addition of a mixture of iron oxide and charcoal.A melt cell characterized by side entry electrodes disposed at angles from 40.degree. to 50.degree., an arched roof configuration, and an improved electrode refractory and ceramic sleeve construction is used to chlorinate the magnesium.