Abstract: According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for generating a unique response to a challenge, the device comprising: a plurality of structures, each structure being able to change from a first distinct state, to a second distinct state, in response to an appropriate input challenge; the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of the plurality of structures in combination, by changing an input to the plurality of structures in combination, to cause each structure of the plurality of structures to change from the first distinct state, to the second distinct state; as part of the challenge, the device being arranged to facilitate a measurement of an output of the plurality of structures in combination, in response to the input; wherein the unique response is at least indicative of a sequence in which the change in state takes place for each of the plurality of structures, in response to the input.

Abstract: According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for generating a unique response to a challenge, the device comprising: a plurality of structures, each structure exhibiting quantum mechanical confinement, and each structure being arranged to provide a unique response when challenged with an electrical measurement, the unique response being linked to the atomic makeup of the structure that defines the quantum mechanical confinement; the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of at least two structures of the plurality in electrical combination to generate the unique response, by facilitating an electrical measurement of an output of the at least two structures of the plurality in electrical combination; the unique response being derivable from the electrical measurement.

Abstract: A device for generating a nondeterministic response to a challenge, the device comprising: a structure that exhibits a nondeterministic electrical output response to an electrical input, the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of the structure to generate the nondeterministic response, by facilitating an electrical measurement of an output of the structure, the nondeterministic response being derivable from that measurement.

Abstract: According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device for generating a nondeterministic response to a challenge, the device comprising: a plurality of structures, each structure exhibiting quantum mechanical confinement, and each structure being arranged to provide a unique response when challenged with an electrical measurement, the unique response being linked to the atomic makeup of the structure that defines the quantum mechanical confinement; the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of a structure of the plurality, by facilitating an electrical measurement of an output of the structure; the nondeterministic response being derivable from the electrical measurement.

Abstract: According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for generating a unique response to a challenge, the device comprising: a plurality of structures, each structure exhibiting quantum mechanical confinement, and each structure being arranged to provide a unique response when challenged with an electrical measurement, the unique response being linked to the atomic makeup of the structure that defines the quantum mechanical confinement; the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of at least two structures of the plurality in electrical combination to generate the unique response, by facilitating an electrical measurement of an output of the at least two structures of the plurality in electrical combination; the unique response being derivable from the electrical measurement.

Abstract: A device for generating a nondeterministic response to a challenge, the device comprising: a structure that exhibits a nondeterministic electrical output response to an electrical input, the device being arranged to facilitate a challenge of the structure to generate the nondeterministic response, by facilitating an electrical measurement of an output of the structure, the nondeterministic response being derivable from that measurement.