Abstract: Impure aryltriazoles such as benzotriazole and tolyltriazole that are contaminated with dark colored impurities can be purified by conversion to an aryltriazole acid salt by treatment with aqueous acid. The aryltriazole acid salt is water soluble whereas the dark colored impurities are not. The aryltriazole acid salt solution is separated from the dark colored impurities and the aryltriazole acid salt is isolated by precipitation. The free aryltriazole may be recovered by neutralization with base.

Abstract: Impure aryltriazoles such as benzotriazole and tolyltriazole that are contaminated with dark colored impurities can be purified by conversion to an aryltriazole acid salt by treatment with aqueous acid. The aryltriazole acid salt is water soluble whereas the dark colored impurities are not. The aryltriazole acid salt solution is separated from the dark colored impurities and the aryltriazole acid salt is isolated by precipitation. The free aryltriazole may be recovered by neutralization with base.

Abstract: Impure aryltriazoles such as benzotriazole and tolyltriazole that are contaminated with dark colored imputities can be purified by conversion to an aryltriazole acid salt by treatment with aqueous acid. The aryltriazole acid salt is water soluble whereas the dark colored impurities are not. The aryltriazole acid salt solution is separated from the dark colored impurities and the aryltriazole is recovered by neutralization with base.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1-difluoroethane by the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride. in the presence of a fluorination catalyst. The process utilizes a rate enhancing reagent that is trichloroethylene, is 1-fluoro-1,2,3-trichloroethane or an aromatic rate enhancing reagent having the formula where R is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group, halo or nitro and R? is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1-difluoroethane by the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride. in the presence of a fluorination catalyst. The process utilizes a rate enhancing reagent that is trichloroethylene, is 1-fluoro-1,2,3-trichloroethane or an aromatic rate enhancing reagent having the formula where R is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group, halo or nitro and R? is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group.

Abstract: The essential oils of Eupatorium capillifolium (Dogfennel) and Eupatorium compositifolium (Yankeeweed) may be isolated in unexpectedly high yield by steam distillation of the whole or leafy parts of the plants. Such oils may be used as motor fuels in gasoline and diesel engines in unrefined and refined form. Eupatorium oil is amenable to separation into lower boiling and higher boiling fractions better suited to gasoline and diesel fuel use, respectively. It is also amenable to refining by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reforming, cracking and alkylation of the whole oil or isolated components thereof.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1-difluoroethane by the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane with hydrogen fluoride. in the presence of a fluorination catalyst. The process utilizes a rate enhancing reagent that is trichloroethylene, is 1-fluoro-1,2,3-trichloroethane or an aromatic rate enhancing reagent having the formula where R is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group, halo or nitro and R? is C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl substituted with at least one halo group.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a chlorofluoro aliphatic hydrocarbon having the formulaCH.sub.a F.sub.3-a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.c Cl .sub.3-c-b F.sub.bwherein a and c are 0 or the integer 1 or 2 and b is the integer 1, 2 or 3. The process comprises reacting a chlorinated fluoroolefinic hydrocarbon of the formulaCH.sub.a F.sub.3-a --CH.dbd.CH.sub.c Cl.sub.2-cwherein a and c are as previously described, with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and a is as described previously. This reaction is catalyzed with a compound that is a metal oxide or metal halide. The metallic part of such compound is arsenic, antimony, tin, boron or is selected from a metal in Group IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb or VIIIb of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The desired chlorofluoro aliphatic hydrocarbon is then recovered.

Abstract: A method for removing high molecular weight solid and liquid tars and oligomers from halogenated Lewis acids catalysts is disclosed. The Lewis acids incorporating such tars and oligomers are treated with an oxidizing agent such as chlorine, a halogen fluoride or mixtures thereof for a time and at a temperature sufficient to oxidize said solid tars and oligomers. The oxidation causes such tars and oligomers to form oxidation products, which can be separated from the halogenated Lewis acid.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon having the formulaCH.sub.a F.sub.3-a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.b F.sub.3-bwherein a is 0 or the integer 1 or 2 and b is 0 or the integer 1, 2 or 3. The reaction occurs in the vapor phase. A chlorofluoro olefin of the formulaCH.sub.c Cl.sub.2-c .dbd.CH--CH.sub.d F.sub.3--dwherein c is 0 or the integer 1 or 2, and d is 0 or the integer 1 or 2 is treated in the vapor phase with hydrogen fluoride. This treating is catalyzed with a compound that is a metal oxide, a metal halide or a mixture thereof. The metallic part of such compound is selected from a metal in Group IIIa, IIIb, IVa, Va, IVb, Vb, VIa, VIb, VIIb and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The treating is carried out for a time sufficient to form the desired fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon which is subsequently recovered from the vapor phase reaction.The process is particularly suitable for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the liquid phase separation and recovery of hydrogen fluoride from a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and a fluorinated organic hydrocarbon. The process requires that the mixture be treated with a sufficient amount of a coupled phase-separating agent comprising an organic or inorganic salt, an alkanolamine or mixtures thereof and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic compound to form a first and a second phase. The first phase that is formed is a hydrogen fluoride-rich phase that additionally contains substantially all of said salt, said alkanolamine or mixtures thereof from the coupled phase-separating agent. The second phase comprises substantially all of said aromatic compound and the fluorinated organic hydrocarbon. It is substantially free of hydrogen fluoride. The phases are separated from each other.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon. The process utilizes a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 hydrocarbon substituted with a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine as the starting material. The alkyl hydrocarbon is reacted in the vapor phase at a temperature from about 75.degree. to about 150.degree. C. with hydrogen fluoride and a catalytically effective amount of at least one antimony compound having the formulaSb.sub.w.sup.u M.sub.x.sup.v X.sub.y F.sub.z.nHFwhere n is 0 or an integer that is at least 1; M is selected from the group consisting of a metal from Group IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIa, VIb, VIIb and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements; X is chloro, bromo or iodo; u is an integer that is the valence of antimony; v is an integer that is the valence of M; w, x and z are an integer of at least 1; y is 0 or an integer of at least 1; and (w.multidot.u)+(x.multidot.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for separating a mixture of at least one hydrofluorocarbon from hydrogen fluoride. The method comprising treating said mixture with a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkanolamine of formulaNH.sub.a (CH.sub.b R.sub.c).sub.dwhere R is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 linear or branched alkylene substituted with at least one hydroxy group, wherein a and d are the integers 1 or 2 and a+d=3 and b is 0 or the integer 1 or 2 and b+c=3, C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl unsubstituted or substituted with halo or halo-substituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.6, alkyl, sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid admixed with at least one alkali metal sulfate. The hydrofluorocabon and HF form two separate phases by this treatment. The phases are readily separated.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for hydrofluorinating an olefinic hydrocarbon of the formulaX --CX'.dbd.CX'--R'where X, X' and X" are the same or different and are hydrogen or halo and R' is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, with hydrogen fluoride. The process is carried out by admixing the olefinic hydrocarbon with hydrogen fluoride in an imidofluoride hydrogen fluoride solvent having the formulaR--(CF.dbd.NH.sub.2).sup.+ F.sup.- .multidot..eta.HFwhere R is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl substituted with halo or C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl either unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl and .eta. is 0 or an integer that is at least 1.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a fluorinated aliphatic olefin having the formulaCH.sub.a F.sub.3-a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.b F.sub.3-bwherein a is 0 or the integer 1 or 2 and b is 0 or the integer 1, 2 or 3.In the first step of the process, a chlorinated olefinic hydrocarbon of the formulaCH.sub.c Cl.sub.2-c .dbd.CH--CH.sub.d Cl.sub.3-dwherein c is 0 or the integer 1 and d is 0 or the integer 1 or 2 is reacted with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for a period of time and at a temperature sufficient to form a chlorofluoro olefin of the formulaCH.sub.e Cl.sub.2-e .dbd.CH--CH.sub.f F.sub.3-fwherein e is 0 or the integer 1 and f is 0 or the integer 1 or 2.The chlorofluoro olefin produced in the first step is then reacted with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a second reaction. This second reaction is catalyzed with at least one compound that is a metal oxide or metal halide. Mixtures of said metal oxides, metal halides and metal oxides with metal halides may also be used.