Abstract: Processes for preparing N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium hydroxide (choline hydroxide) and the choline hydroxide produced are described. These processes minimize the production of byproduct mono-ethoxylated and di-ethyoxylated choline in the product choline hydroxide. The processes generally include feeding ethylene oxide, trimethylamine, and water into a first reactor to create a first reactor product under temperature controlled conditions. The product of the first reactor is fed into a second reactor to form a second reactor product under uncontrolled, adiabatic, conditions. Finally, any unreacted trimethylamine in the second reactor product is removed to form a final product comprising choline hydroxide. Additional reactors can be used for the ethylene oxide and trimethylamine reaction.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a liquid chromatography stationary phase, the liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon. The invention also provides an apparatus for polyolefin polymer chromatography, comprising a liquid chromatography stationary phase, the liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon and at least one inert filler.

Abstract: A method for multi-dimensional chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a first liquid chromatography stationary phase or a field flow fractionation device and subsequently flowing the solution through a second liquid chromatography stationary phase, the second liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase with a retention factor greater than zero.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for one-dimensional chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a liquid chromatography stationary phase, the liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, and wherein the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase has a retention factor greater than zero, and wherein the solution introduced into the liquid chromatography stationary phase is subjected to a temperature gradient, and/or the solution is subjected to a solvent gradient.

Abstract: A method for multi-dimensional chromatography of a polyolefin polymer, comprising introducing a solution of the polyolefin polymer into a liquid flowing through a first liquid chromatography stationary phase or a field flow fractionation device and subsequently flowing the solution through a second liquid chromatography stationary phase, the second liquid chromatography stationary phase comprising graphitic carbon, the polyolefin polymer emerging from the liquid chromatography stationary phase with a retention factor greater than zero.

Abstract: This invention encompasses the identification and isolation genes and gene fragments that confer altered metabolic characteristics in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, when expressed using GENEWARE™ viral vectors. These genes are derived from a variety of sources. Expression of these genes resulted in alterations of the levels of at least one of the following metabolites: acids, fatty acids, amino acids and related compounds, branched fatty acids, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, alkaloids and other bases, esters, glycerides, phenols and related compounds, alcohols, alkenes and alkynes, sterols, oxygenated terpenes, and other isoprenoids, and ketones and quinones.