Abstract: An electrochemical cell apparatus is disclosed where the cell has a chamber for containing an electrolyte. The chamber is situated between a bottom and a top substrate. One or more bottom windows are in the bottom substrate and one or more top windows are in the top substrate. Each window has a window cover facing the chamber. The top window and bottom window each have a portion in alignment so that an electron beam passes through both respective portions. A spacer is deposited between the top and bottom substrate and forming walls surrounding the chamber. Two or more electrodes, each having an interior portion that is within the chamber and electrically continuous with an exterior portion external to the chamber, are located on the chamber side of the bottom substrate.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell apparatus is disclosed where the cell has a chamber for containing an electrolyte. The chamber is situated between a bottom and a top substrate. One or more bottom windows are in the bottom substrate and one or more top windows are in the top substrate. Each window has a window cover facing the chamber. The top window and bottom window each have a portion in alignment so that an electron beam passes through both respective portions. A spacer is deposited between the top and bottom substrate and forming walls surrounding the chamber. Two or more electrodes, each having an interior portion that is within the chamber and electrically continuous with an exterior portion external to the chamber, are located on the chamber side of the bottom substrate.

Abstract: Improved feed line networks for antenna arrays operating at millimeter wave frequencies are provided for constructing planar antenna arrays printed on the surface of a dielectric substrate. A planar antenna array includes an array of planar radiator elements interconnected through a feed line network of planar coplanar transmission lines that enable high-efficiency operation, at millimeter wave operating frequencies. For example, a feed network may be formed with a network of coplanar strip line transmission lines including one or more coplanar strip line (CPS) and one or more coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line, which are interconnected using balun structures, to enable high efficiency operation at millimeter wave frequencies.

Abstract: Improved feed line networks for antenna arrays operating at millimeter wave frequencies are provided for constructing planar antenna arrays printed on the surface of a dielectric substrate. A planar antenna array includes an array of planar radiator elements interconnected through a feed line network of planar coplanar transmission lines that enable high-efficiency operation, at millimeter wave operating frequencies. For example, a feed network may be formed with a network of coplanar strip line transmission lines including one or more coplanar strip line (CPS) and one or more coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line, which are interconnected using balun structures, to enable high efficiency operation at millimeter wave frequencies.