Abstract: Heat exchange takes place between two fluids, namely, mineralized aqueous fluid containing dissolved or dispersed solids or mineral salts and a second fluid, in heat exchange apparatus wherein the surfaces to be contacted by the mineralized aqueous fluid are (1) preferentially oil wettable and (2) substantially zero water adsorbent and (3) are continuously wetted with an organic liquid (oil) which is not permanently miscible with the aqueous fluid being treated, whereby adherence of solids or mineral salts contained in the aqueous fluid or solution is prevented. The preferentially oil wettable and substantially zero water adsorbent contacted surfaces are preferably fluorocarbon polymers such as FEP, however, parylene surfaces are effective and substantially zero water adsorbent but are not as satisfactory as fluorocarbon polymers since parylene coatings on metal are not as permanent as FEP coatings and tend to blister under certain conditions.

Abstract: Apparatus for effecting heat interchange of fluids, at least one of the fluids containing dispersed or dissolved solids, said apparatus having one or more fluids contacted surfaces which are (1) preferentially oil wettable and (2) substantially zero water adsorbent, wherein the contacted surface or surfaces comprise fluorocarbon polymers, preferably FEP fluorinated hydrocarbon resin, and (3) means for supplying oil or the like to said contacted surface or surfaces, to prevent adherence of solids thereto.

Abstract: Heat exchange takes place between two fluids, namely, mineralized aqueous fluid containing dissolved or dispersed solids or mineral salts and a second fluid, in heat exchange apparatus wherein the surfaces to be contacted by the mineralized aqueous fluid are preferentially oil wettable and substantially zero water adsorbent and are continuously wetted with an organic liquid (oil) which is not permanently miscible with the aqueous fluid being treated, whereby adherence of solids or mineral salts contained in the aqueous fluid or solution is prevented. The preferentially oil wettable and substantially zero water adsorbent contacted surfaces are preferably fluorocarbon polymers such as FEP, however, parylene surfaces are effective and substantially zero water adsorbent but are not as satisfactory as fluorocarbon polymers since parylene coatings on metal are not as permanent as FEP coatings and tend to blister under certain conditions.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of evaporating an aqueous solution containing dissolved solids or mineral salts without adherence of the solids or mineral salts to any surfaces contacting the aqueous solution which comprises the following steps:A. Flowing the aqueous solution as an outside medium mixed with sufficient dispersed oil to form a continuous film on all preferentially oil wettable contacting surfaces, upward through a confined heating and vaporizing zone and therein contacting heating elements the surfaces of which are substantially zero water adsorbent and totally wetted with a film of oil, converting a portion of the aqueous solution to water vapor and precipitated solids.B. Separating this mixture of oil, misty vapors, solids, and remaining aqueous solution (still the outside water medium) into components of thereof in succeeding zones or chambers in which substantially all surfaces contacting these materials are preferentially oil wettable.

Abstract: The method of adhering a preformed continuous film of fluorcarbon plastic material to a flat or convex metal surface which comprises heating both the metal surface and a layer of the plastic material superposed upon the metal surface in a gaseous environment of reduce pressure sufficiently to soften the plastic film and bond the same to the metal surface employing multiple steps of heating, bonding and cooling without application of increased pressure to the outer surface of the heated plastic film to form a bonded metal-plastic combination without entrapment of gas. The invention is particularly adapted to the bonding of fluorocarbon plastic material to surfaces of metal such as aluminum, iron, iron alloys, copper, and copper alloys.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of evaporating an aqueous solution containing dissolved solids or mineral salts without adherence of the solids or mineral salts to any surfaces contacting the aqueous solution which comprises the following steps:A. Flowing the aqueous solution as an outside or continuous medium, mixed with sufficient dispersed oil to form a continuous film on all preferentially oil wettable contacting surfaces, upwardly through a confined heating and vaporizing zone having therein contacting heating elements, the surfaces of which are of substantially zero water adsorbent polymeric fluorocarbon material and totally wetted with a film of oil, thereby converting a portion of the aqueous solution to water vapor and precipitated solids, and forming a mixture of oil, misty vapors, solids, and remaining aqueous solution; andB.

Abstract: The method of adhering a preformed continuous film of fluorcarbon plastic material to a flat or convex metal surface which comprises heating both the metal surface and a layer of the plastic material superposed upon the metal surface in a gaseous environment of reduce pressure sufficiently to soften the plastic film and bond the same to the metal surface employing multiple steps of heating, bonding and cooling without application of increased pressure to the outer surface of the heated plasttic film to form a bonded metal-plastic combination without entrapment of gas. The invention is particularly adapted to the bonding of fluorocarbon plastic material to surfaces of metal such as aluminum, iron, iron alloys, copper, and copper alloys.

Abstract: The method of adhering a preformed continuous film of fluorcarbon plastic material to a flat or convex metal surface which comprises heating both the metal surface and a layer of the plastic material superposed upon the metal surface in a gaseous environment of reduce pressure sufficiently to soften the plastic film and bond the same to the metal surface employing multiple steps of heating, bonding and cooling without application of increased pressure to the outer surface of the heated plastic film to form a bonded metal-plastic combination without entrapment of gas. The invention is particularly adapted to the bonding of fluorocarbon plastic material to surfaces of metal such as aluminum, iron, iron alloys, copper, and copper alloys.