Abstract: A domestic cooking stove comprises a frame that mounts a primary tube, one or more of nozzles for fuel injection, knobs for controlling the fuel injection, mixing tubes for modulating pressure gradient, burner tops for combustion of the air fuel mixture, and pan supports to support the vessel, heat reflectors to reflect heat, and legs to support the frame. Each heat reflector is positioned above burner top to provide secondary air entrainment for combustion by reducing a gap between an inner circumference of heat reflector and an outer circumference of the burner top to minimize heat losses. The heat reflector has a curved orientation to reduce heat transfer in a downward direction and generates eddies that increases heat transfer towards vessel bottom. The legs are positioned below the frame and has a predetermined height to maintain a gap between table top and the frame bottom surface for entrainment of air.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and method for real-time dynamic optimization of crude distillation unit (CDU). The present invention makes use of a combination of CDU and plant data such as crude density, flow, temperature profile and pressure profile of column, other operating conditions, and column heat balance to calculate product yields and product properties. The present invention makes use of real-time CDU or plant measurements, and its non-linear time-dependent functions to represent change in feedstock (product) characteristics, and predict the optimal value of CDU input data to optimize the CDU, and product yields and product properties. This provides a robust optimized solution that significantly reduces the computational time, accounts for dynamic change in crude composition and the unsteady nature of the operation during crude transitions.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a process for solvent deasphalting dearomatization, said process including: effecting deasphaltenation of a heavy oil feed by contacting the feed with a paraffinic rich solvent, optionally, in presence of a FCC catalyst to obtain a deasphalted oil rich stream, said paraffinic rich solvent being untreated naphtha; contacting the DAO rich stream with a second solvent to obtain a raffinate stream rich in non-asphaltene and non-aromatic contents and a solvent rich stream; contacting the raffinate stream with water in a first decanter to obtain a first stream rich in aromatic-lean fraction and a second stream rich in the second solvent and water; subjecting the first stream to distillation to recover the paraffinic rich solvent and to obtain deasphalted oil; contacting the solvent rich stream with water in a second decanter to obtain an aromatic rich fraction and a third stream rich in the second solvent and water; and subjecting the second stream and the third stream

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a process for solvent deasphalting dearomatization, said process including: effecting deasphaltenation of a heavy oil feed by contacting the feed with a paraffinic rich solvent, optionally, in presence of a FCC catalyst to obtain a deasphalted oil rich stream, said paraffinic rich solvent being untreated naphtha; contacting the DAO rich stream with a second solvent to obtain a raffinate stream rich in non-asphaltene and non-aromatic contents and a solvent rich stream; contacting the raffinate stream with water in a first decanter to obtain a first stream rich in aromatic-lean fraction and a second stream rich in the second solvent and water; subjecting the first stream to distillation to recover the paraffinic rich solvent and to obtain deasphalted oil; contacting the solvent rich stream with water in a second decanter to obtain an aromatic rich fraction and a third stream rich in the second solvent and water; and subjecting the second stream and the third stream

Abstract: A reactor (1) for thermochemical reactions is provided comprising a reactor shell (13) having an inlet (2) and an outlet (3). Solid catalyst (16) is provided in reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c) in which at least a portion of reactants entering the reactor (1) undergo a thermochemical reaction. A heat exchange medium is provided in heat exchange zones such that heat is exchanged between the reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c) and the heat exchange medium. One or more hollow inserts (11) at least partially extend through the reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c). The hollow inserts (11) are configured to form a flow path to either: divert a portion of the reactants from the reactor inlet (2) or from one reaction zone to a different reaction zone; or divert a portion of the heat exchange medium from one heat exchange zone to a different heat exchange zone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for in-situ preparation of metal oxide(s) comprising the step of precipitating a metal salt solution with Fehling's reagent B and glucose at a suitable temperature. The metal oxide(s) prepared according to the present invention can be used for diverse applications including their utility as catalyst(s) in one or more reactions. The present invention further provides a highly selective bi-functional hybrid catalyst for direct conversion of syn-gas to dimethyl ether (DME) and methods of preparation thereof. The one or more metal oxide(s) can be directly obtained from the metal precursors following the method(s) of the present invention instead of metal hydroxides as in conventional known methods, thereby eliminating the necessity of high temperature calcination step(s) and rigorous reduction procedure(s).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and apparatus for catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feed. The apparatus includes a plurality of stages, wherein hydrocarbon feed is introduced into a bottom stage reactor and flows in an overall upward direction. A reaction catalyst stream is introduced into a top stage reactor and flows in an overall downward direction. In each of the stages, the hydrocarbon feed is allowed to come in contact with the reaction catalyst stream received at the particular stage for cracking of the hydrocarbon feed. The final cracked product stream is obtained at an outlet of the top stage reactor and a final spent catalyst stream is obtained at an outlet of the bottom stage reactor.

Abstract: A reactor (1) for thermochemical reactions is provided comprising a reactor shell (13) having an inlet (2) and an outlet (3). Solid catalyst (16) is provided in reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c) in which at least a portion of reactants entering the reactor (1) undergo a thermochemical reaction. A heat exchange medium is provided in heat exchange zones such that heat is exchanged between the reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c) and the heat exchange medium. One or more hollow inserts (11) at least partially extend through the reaction zones (4a, 4b, 4c). The hollow inserts (11) are configured to form a flow path to either: divert a portion of the reactants from the reactor inlet (2) or from one reaction zone to a different reaction zone; or divert a portion of the heat exchange medium from one heat exchange zone to a different heat exchange zone.

Abstract: Methods and systems for predicting crude oil blend compatibility and optimizing blends for increasing heavy crude oil processing are described. The method includes receiving ratios of physical parameters of crude oils for optimization of crude oil blend. The physical parameter ratios are based on Kinematic Viscosity (V), Sulphur (S), Carbon Residue (C), and American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The crude oil blend compatibility (K model) is determined and generated using the physical parameter ratios. The K model is developed by coefficients obtained by regression analysis between the ratios of physical parameters of known crude oils and composite compatibility measure determined from multiple compatibility test results of the known crude oils. The predicted crude oil blend compatibility can be used for optimizing heavy crude oil processing.

Abstract: Methods and systems for predicting crude oil blend compatibility and optimizing blends for increasing heavy crude oil processing are described. The method includes receiving ratios of physical parameters of crude oils for optimization of crude oil blend. The physical parameter ratios are based on Kinematic Viscosity (V), Sulphur (S), Carbon Residue (C), and American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The crude oil blend compatibility (K model) is determined and generated using the physical parameter ratios. The K model is developed by coefficients obtained by regression analysis between the ratios of physical parameters of known crude oils and composite compatibility measure determined from multiple compatibility test results of the known crude oils. The predicted crude oil blend compatibility can be used for optimizing heavy crude oil processing.

Abstract: Provided is a method for predicting kinematic viscosity of a fraction of a crude oil to optimize selection of crude oils. The method includes receiving parameters of the crude oil, such as Vacuum Residue yield and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR), content as an input. The method also includes determining kinematic viscosity of the fraction of the crude oil at a first predetermined temperature based on a first correlation model between the physical parameters of the crude oil and the kinematic viscosity at the first predetermined temperature. The method further includes generating the kinematic viscosity of the fraction of the crude oil at the predetermined temperature based on the first correlation model corresponding to the input. Also provided is a system for predicting kinematic viscosity at a predetermined temperature to optimize crude oil selection. Further provided is a method for estimating an amount of cutter stock for crude oil processing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for co-gasification of two or more carbonaceous feedstock, said process comprising combusting a first carbonaceous feedstock having high calorific value with low ash and high hydrogen content, to produce a heated effluent; carrying the heated effluent to second reactor where the heated effluent reacts with a second carbonaceous feedstock, having low calorific value with high ash and low hydrogen content, to produce synthesis gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for co-gasification of two or more carbonaceous feedstock, said process comprising combusting a first carbonaceous feedstock having high calorific value with low ash and high hydrogen content, to produce a heated effluent; carrying the heated effluent to second reactor where the heated effluent reacts with a second carbonaceous feedstock, having low calorific value with high ash and low hydrogen content, to produce synthesis gas.

Abstract: Method(s) and a system for predicting the refining characteristics of an oil sample are described. The method of predicting the refining characteristics, such as distillate yield profile, processability, product quality or refinery processing cost, may include development of a prediction model based on regression analysis. The method may further include determining the physical properties of the oil sample and predicting the refining characteristics based on the developed prediction model. The determination of the physical properties of the oil sample includes determining at least one of Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) content, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR) and Micro Carbon Residue (MCR).

Abstract: Provided is a method for predicting kinematic viscosity of a fraction of a crude oil to optimize selection of crude oils. The method includes receiving parameters of the crude oil, such as Vacuum Residue yield and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR), content as an input. The method also includes determining kinematic viscosity of the fraction of the crude oil at a first predetermined temperature based on a first correlation model between the physical parameters of the crude oil and the kinematic viscosity at the first predetermined temperature. The method further includes generating the kinematic viscosity of the fraction of the crude oil at the predetermined temperature based on the first correlation model corresponding to the input. Also provided is a system for predicting kinematic viscosity at a predetermined temperature to optimize crude oil selection. Further provided is a method for estimating an amount of cutter stock for crude oil processing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for in-situ preparation of metal oxide(s) comprising the step of precipitating a metal salt solution with Fehling's reagent B and glucose at a suitable temperature. The metal oxide(s) prepared according to the present invention can be used for diverse applications including their utility as catalyst(s) in one or more reactions. The present invention further provides a highly selective bi-functional hybrid catalyst for direct conversion of syn-gas to dimethyl ether (DME) and methods of preparation thereof. The one or more metal oxide(s) can be directly obtained from the metal precursors following the method(s) of the present invention instead of metal hydroxides as in conventional known methods, thereby eliminating the necessity of high temperature calcination step(s) and rigorous reduction procedure(s).

Abstract: Method(s) and system(s) for estimation of cold-flow properties of refinery product blends are described. The method may include receiving refinery products to be blended and ratios of the refinery products to be used for producing the refinery product blend, and determining whether the refinery products include at least one heavy product. The cold-flow property of the refinery product blend can be estimated based on a first correlation when the refinery products include the at least one heavy product, and based on a second correlation when the refinery products include no heavy product. The first correlation and the second correlation can differ in at least a sign of a coefficient.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and apparatus for catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feed. The apparatus includes a plurality of stages, wherein hydrocarbon feed is introduced into a bottom stage reactor and flows in an overall upward direction. A reaction catalyst stream is introduced into a top stage reactor and flows in an overall downward direction. In each of the stages, the hydrocarbon feed is allowed to come in contact with the reaction catalyst stream received at the particular stage for cracking of the hydrocarbon feed. The final cracked product stream is obtained at an outlet of the top stage reactor and a final spent catalyst stream is obtained at an outlet of the bottom stage reactor.

Abstract: The invention discloses an improved multistage fischer tropsch process scheme for the production of hydrocarbon fuels comprising feeding gaseous phase syngas and liquid stream hydrocarbons in a counter current manner such as herein described into the reaction vessel at a number of stages containing reaction catalysts; wherein fresh syngas enters into the stage where the product liquid stream leaves and the fresh liquid stream enters into the stage where the unreacted syngas leaves; wherein further the temperature of each stage can be controlled independently. More particularly the invention relates to improving the heat release in different reactors, product selectivity and reactor productivity of FT reactors.

Abstract: Method(s) and a system for predicting the refining characteristics of an oil sample are described. The method of predicting the refining characteristics, such as distillate yield profile, processability, product quality or refinery processing cost, may include development of a prediction model based on regression analysis. The method may further include determining the physical properties of the oil sample and predicting the refining characteristics based on the developed prediction model. The determination of the physical properties of the oil sample includes determining at least one of Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) content, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR) and Micro Carbon Residue (MCR).