Abstract: A low cost antenna in a base station suitable for deployment where high density of wireless users are present in specific directions (e.g., cross roads in urban areas). A lens is used associated with antenna elements to collimate the beam for a longer distance in the desired directions. By using the lens, the need for complex electronics is minimized, thereby reducing the cost of a base station. Another aspect of the present invention enables the lens to be designed precisely by first determining the radiation pattern of each array element according to a corresponding coordinate system, transforming the radiation pattern to a common coordinate system, and determining a composite radiation pattern using the value determined for the common coordinate system. Inverse scattering technique is applied using the composite radiation pattern and the desired collimation pattern to determine the precise shape of the lens.

Abstract: A low cost antenna in a base station suitable for deployment where high density of wireless users are present in specific directions (e.g., cross roads in urban areas). A lens is used associated with antenna elements to collimate the beam for a longer distance in the desired directions. By using the lens, the need for complex electronics is minimized, thereby reducing the cost of a base station. Another aspect of the present invention enables the lens to be designed precisely by first determining the radiation pattern of each array element according to a corresponding coordinate system, transforming the radiation pattern to a common coordinate system, and determining a composite radiation pattern using the value determined for the common coordinate system. Inverse scattering technique is applied using the composite radiation pattern and the desired collimation pattern to determine the precise shape of the lens.

Abstract: A low cost antenna in a base station suitable for deployment where high density of wireless users are present in specific directions (e.g., cross roads in urban areas). A lens is used associated with antenna elements to collimate the beam for a longer distance in the desired directions. By using the lens, the need for complex electronics is minimized, thereby reducing the cost of a base station. Another aspect of the present invention enables the lens to be designed precisely by first determining the radiation pattern of each array element according to a corresponding coordinate system, transforming the radiation pattern to a common coordinate system, and determining a composite radiation pattern using the value determined for the common coordinate system. Inverse scattering technique is applied using the composite radiation pattern and the desired collimation pattern to determine the precise shape of the lens.

Abstract: Determining distance to echo points on a wire-line medium from a testing point. A sequence of test bits may be transmitted from one end (testing point) of a wire-line medium. An echo is deemed to be received if a monitored bit stream equals/matches the transmitted sequence. The distance to the echo point is computed by multiplying half the time to receive the echo with a velocity of propagation of the bits. In an embodiment, the transmitted sequence is chosen to exhibit good auto-correlation property, which enables the reception of the echo to be determined reliably.