Abstract: The present disclosure provides processes for recycling spent pot lining carbon by-products (SPLCB) obtained from a caustic leach process. The process provides treating spent pot lining (SPL) or SPLCB with Ca/P-containing stabilizing agents.

Abstract: A process of reducing scaling of a metal surface exposed to an aqueous solution from which scale may form after a period of exposure. The process comprises applying a cathodic potential to the surface for at least some of the period of exposure. In some cases, e.g. when an article is made of a ferrous metal, it is advantageous to coat the article with a different metal (e.g. copper or an alloy of copper) before applying the cathodic potential to avoid hydrogen generation and excessive current flow. An article to be protected from scaling may also advantageously be electrically isolated from other parts of an apparatus.

Abstract: A process of reducing scaling of a metal surface exposed to an aqueous solution from which scale may form after a period of exposure. The process comprises applying a cathodic potential to the surface for at least some of the period of exposure. In some cases, e.g. when an article is made of a ferrous metal, it is advantageous to coat the article with a different metal (e.g. copper or an alloy of copper) before applying the cathodic potential to avoid hydrogen generation and excessive current flow. An article to be protected from scaling may also advantageously be electrically isolated from other parts of an apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a process for the preparation of sintered calcium aluminates that can generally be used as a protective cover for liquid metals, and particularly steel, and the process comprising the steps of mixing calcium oxide, or its precursor, particles and aluminum dross residue, such as NOVAL.TM.; calcining the resulting mixture; maintaining a calcining temperature of 1200.degree. C. or higher for approximately 5 minutes or more which is sufficient to form a friable sintered product rich in calcium aluminates; and recovering the sintered product after cooling. Optionally, calcium fluoride, or other fluoride can be added to the starting mixture, if it is not already contained in the dross residue.