Abstract: A crashworthy fuel pump improvement comprises a control valve having a valve seat pressed into the fuel discharge cavity of the fuel pump. The valve seat is of a heat treated material and a seal is formed between the seat and the wall of the cavity to prevent fuel leaks in the event of a crash.

Abstract: An improved by-pass valve (1) for use in an automobile exhaust system (ES) comprises an air inlet (7) connected to an air pump (AP), first and second air outlets (15,23) respectively connected to first and second portions (P1,P2) of a catalytic converter (CC) and a third outlet (33) through which air is dumped to atmosphere. Air is directed from the inlet to the first outlet when engine temperature is less than a predetermined value and from the inlet to the second outlet when engine temperature reaches the predetermined value. A first and normally closed valve (81) is intermediate the air inlet and the first and second outlets and a second and normally open valve (83) is intermediate the air inlet and the third outlet. The first valve is opened and the second valve closed when engine vacuum exceeds a predetermined level so air flows to either the first or second outlet. The second valve is reopened whenever the outlet to which air is directed is blocked so air is dumped to atmosphere.