Abstract: The present invention provides a method of identifying a compound that selectively modulates expression of at least one TLR gene. Generally, the method includes providing an assay to detect expression of each of a plurality of TLR genes; performing each assay using a test compound; and identifying the test compound as a compound that selectively modulates expression of at least one TLR gene if the test compound modulates expression of a first TLR gene to a different extent than it modulates expression of at least one second TLR gene. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds identified by a method described above, salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof, derivatives thereof, or pro-drugs thereof.